Table 1.
Demographics and outcomes
| Patients (n) | n=survived bCPAP (%)* | n=bCPAP death (%)* | OR of death (95% CI) | |
| Total | 117 | 79 (68%) | 38 (32%) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Male† | 58 | 40 (69%) | 18 (31%) | 1.00 |
| Female† | 51 | 34 (67%) | 17 (33%) | 1.11 (0.50 to 2.49) |
| Median (IQR) age in months | 7 (2– 15) | 6 (2–15) | 7 (4–14) | |
| Age (months)† | ||||
| <1 | 6 | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | 1.00 |
| 1–12 | 76 | 53 (70%) | 23 (30%) | 0.43 (0.81 to 2.31) |
| 13–24 | 23 | 17 (74%) | 6 (26%) | 0.35 (0.06 to 2.25) |
| 25–48 | 10 | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 1.00 (0.13 to 7.57) |
| Organ failure | ||||
| VSPNA | 62 | 54 (87%) | 8 (13%) | |
| VSPNA no comorbidities‡; including children<1 month | 59 | 51 (86%) | 8 (14%) | 1.00 |
| VSPNA with comorbidities‡ | 3 | 3 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| VSPNA no comorbidities; no HIV exposure/infection, no malaria, no suspected TB‡ | 14 | 14 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| VSPNA; no comorbidities; no HIV exposure/infection, no malaria; including suspected TB | 19 | 19 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| MOF >1 organ dysfunction‡: respiratory dysfunction and at least one further organ dysfunction | 55 | 25 (45%) | 30 (55%) | vs VSPNA: 8.10 (3.25 to 20.18)¶ |
| MOF >2 organ dysfunctions‡: (respiratory dysfunction and at least two other organ dysfunctions) | 21 | 9 (43%) | 12 (57%) | |
| Malnutrition† | ||||
| SAM | 28 | 10 (36%) | 18 (64%) | 7.59 (2.88 to 19.97)§ |
| MAM | 13 | 8 (62%) | 5 (38%) | 2.63 (0.75 to 9.29) |
| No MAM or SAM | 73 | 59 (81%) | 14 (19%) | 1.00 |
| HIV status | ||||
| Infected or exposed | 22 | 10 (45%) | 12 (55%) | 4.97 (1.53 to 16.13)¶ |
| Negative | 36 | 29 (81%) | 7 (19%) | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 59 | 40 (68%) | 19 (32%) | 1.97 (0.73 to 5.29) |
| bCPAP delivery device | ||||
| Cylinder | 50 | 35 (70%) | 15 (30%) | 1.00 |
| Concentrator | 48 | 30 (62%) | 18 (38%) | 1.40 (0.60 to 3.25) |
| Unrecorded | 17 | 12 (71%) | 5 (29%) | 0.97 (0.29 to 3.25) |
| Treatment initiation location | ||||
| High dependency unit | 29 | 17 (59%) | 12 (41%) | 1.55 (0.65 to 3.70) |
| Emergency zone | 83 | 57 (69%) | 26 (31%) | 1.00 |
| Intubation** | ||||
| No | 100 | 77 (77%) | 23 (23%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 15 | 2 (13%) | 13 (87%) | 21.8 (4.6 to 103.5)†† |
| Median (IQR) treatment duration (hours) | 24 (24–60) | 24 (24–60) | 24 (24–48) | |
Comorbidities: congenital heart diseases (4 (children with congenital heart diseases: AVSD: 2 (1 with trisomy 21), VSD: 1; PDA: 1 (and trisomy 21))), neurodisability (cerebral palsy (1), hydrocephalus (1), neuromuscular disorder (1), severe thorax wall infection/defect (1). bCPAP, bubble continuous positive airway pressure; HB, haemoglobin; MAM, moderate acutemalnutrition; MOF, multiorgan failure; SAM, severe acute malnutrition; TB, tuberculosis; VSPNA, very severe pneumonia. AVSD, Atrio-ventricular Septum Defect; VSD, Ventricular Septum Defect; PDA, Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
*The percentages given in column 3 and 4 describe the ratios to the subtotals documented in column 2.
†Information on sex (male/female) was not recorded for eight patients. Information on age was not recorded for two patients. Information on malnutrition (MAM or SAM) was not recorded for three patients.
‡Organ dysfunction: respiratory failure (signs of very severe pneumonia50, signs of shock or ‘impaired circulation’28, severe anaemia (HB< 7 g/dl), coma/prolonged convulsions, clinical signs of liver/renal failure.
§p<0.0001.
¶p=0.008.
**In 2 of the 117 patients the information on potential intubation and ventilation was not documented.
††p<0.000.
bCPAP, bubble continuous positive airway pressure; HB, haemoglobin; MAM, moderate acutemalnutrition; MOF, multiorgan failure; SAM, severe acute malnutrition; TB, tuberculosis; VSPNA, very severe pneumonia.