Fig 3. The protective effects on the MMP, the ER stress, and the nuclear condensation in the H₂O₂-treated NSC-34 cells.

(A) The dissipation of MMP was determined using DiOC₆(3) staining. (n = 3, one-way ANOVA, Turkey’s test; *** is used for P < 0.001). (B) The ER stress was studied by ELISA method to measure the protein expression of BiP. (n = 3, one-way ANOVA, Turkey’s test; *** is used for P < 0.001). (C) The nuclei morphology was analyzed using DAPI staining under Zeiss Axio Imager A1 microscope. Scale bar = 20 μm. These results revealed that the protective effects of the LIPEF and fucoidan could maintain the mitochondrial function, reduce the ER stress, and suppress the apoptotic response in the NSC-34 cells exposed to H₂O₂ for 24 h.