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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2019 Jan 15;101(1):e82. doi: 10.1002/cphg.82

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Directed acyclic graph depicting the IV assumptions for conducting Mendelian randomization. G, the genetic variant, must be (i) associated with exposure X, (ii) independent of any confounder U, and (iii) independent of outcome Y.