Figure 1.
Structures and biological roles of ascarosides modified with various head groups. a) Structures and biological roles of ascarosides modified on the 4′-position of the ascarylose sugar with the indole-3-carbonyl (IC), 4-hydroxybenzoyl (HB), (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl (MB), and octopamine succinyl (OS) head groups. b) The IC group, which is biosynthesized from tryptophan, is attached to the 4′-position of asc-ΔC9. Ascarosides that are not modified with the IC group, such as asc-ΔC9, tend to induce avoidance while ascarosides that are modified with the IC group, such as IC-asc-ΔC9, tend to induce aggregation.
