Table 1.
Studies of age-related epigenetic changes in pre-clinical and clinical models.
| Epigenetic change with aging | Markers | Model(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reduced global heterochromatin | HP1 and H3K9me3 reduced, lamin A changes | C. elegans | (Haithcock et al. 2005; Ni et al. 2012) |
| Drosophila | (Brandt et al. 2008; Wood et al. 2010; Larson et al. 2012) | ||
| Human fibroblasts | (Scaffidi and Misteli 2006) | ||
| Progeria patient cells | (Scaffidi and Misteli 2006; Shumaker et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2015) | ||
| Senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) | HP1 and H3K9me3 increased, macroH2A and HMGA increased | Mice | (Kreiling et al. 2012) |
| Baboons | (Herbig et al. 2006; Kreiling et al. 2012) | ||
| Human fibroblasts | (Narita et al. 2003, 2006; Zhang et al. 2005) | ||
| Nucleosome remodeling and loss | Loss of core histone proteins | Yeast | (Dang et al. 2009; Feser et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2014) |
| Worms | (Ni et al. 2012) | ||
| Human fibroblasts | (O’Sullivan et al. 2010b; Ivanov et al. 2013) | ||
| Histone variants increased | H3.3, H3.3cs1 | Mouse brain | (Maze et al. 2015) |
| Human fibroblasts | (Duarte et al. 2015) | ||
| Changed histone marks | Globally active marks increased (H3K4me3, H4K16ac) and repressive marks decreased (H3K9me3, H3K27me3) | Yeast | (Dang et al. 2009; Feser et al. 2010) |
| Drosophila | (Wood et al. 2010; Larson et al. 2012) | ||
| C. elegans | (Ni et al. 2012) | ||
| Killifish | (Liu, Wang, et al. 2013; Baumgart et al. 2014) | ||
| Rats | (Sarg et al. 2002) | ||
| Mouse brain | (Peleg et al. 2010; Ryu et al. 2011) | ||
| Mouse stem cells | (Sun et al. 2014; Schwoerer et al. 2016) | ||
| Mouse fibroblasts | (Lyu et al. 2018) | ||
| Progeria mouse models | (Wang et al. 2010) | ||
| Progeria patient cells | (Shumaker et al. 2006; Maures et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2015) | ||
| Human fibroblasts | (O’Sullivan et al. 2010a; Shah et al. 2013) | ||
| Human brain tissue | (Nativio et al. 2018) | ||
| DNA methylation changes | Global DNA hypomethylation, CpG island hypermethylation | Salmon | (Berdyshev et al. 1967) |
| Mice | (Wilson et al. 1987; Cole et al. 2017; Petkovich et al. 2017; Stubbs et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017) | ||
| Rats | (Vanyushin et al. 1973) | ||
| Dogs | (Thompson et al. 2017) | ||
| Rhesus monkeys | (Maegawa et al. 2017) | ||
| Human fibroblasts | (Koch et al. 2012b) | ||
| Human stem cells | (Fernández and Bayón 2014) | ||
| Humans | (Christensen et al. 2009; Zampieri et al. 2015; Li et al. 2017; Wagner 2017; Horvath and Raj 2018) | ||
| Relocalization of chromatin-modifying factors (RCM) | SIRT-1, PARP-1, REST, HDAC-1 | Yeast | (Kennedy et al. 1997; Sinclair and Guarente 1997; Oberdoerffer et al. 2008) |
| Mice | (Oberdoerffer et al. 2008) | ||
| ncRNA changes | H19, Dicer, lin-4, lin-14, mir-34 | Yeast | (Saka et al. 2013) |
| C. elegans | (Boehm and Slack 2005; Ibáñez-ventoso et al. 2006; Mori et al. 2012) | ||
| Mice | (Fu et al. 2008; Li, Khanna, et al. 2011; Mori et al. 2012) | ||
| AD mouse models | (Wang et al. 2009) | ||
| Humans | (Hooten et al. 2010; Wang, Huang, et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2014) |