Table 1 -.

Mean fasting and postprandial active ghrelin levels and hunger and appetites in the biological morning or in the biological evening (circadian phase), when circadian aligned or misaligned (alignment condition), at breakfast or at dinner (behavioral cycle).

	circadian phase				alignment condition				behavioral cycle
Outcomes	morning	evening	P	P (× day)	aligned	misaligned	P	P (× day)	breakfast	dinner	P	P (× day)
AG (pg/mL)
fasting	109.20±22.45	123.30±23.98	<0.001	0.94	115.79±28.11	117.00±19.57	0.53	0.38	115.05±23.11	117.76±25.41	0.62	0.75
postprandial	66.26±14.28	72.41±14.73	<0.001	0.05	67.83±15.67	70.90±13.78	0.04	0.18	71.56±15.42	67.13±13.85	0.02	0.67
Hunger
fasting	52.31±6.61	58.44±5.02	0.08	0.36	58.42±5.19	52.33±6.63	0.08	0.77	51.02±6.65	59.73±6.14	0.01	0.86
postprandial	12.87±3.55	15.43±3.91	0.03	0.02	14.15±4.02	14.15±3.54	1.00	0.16	15.86±4.02	12.44±3.49	<0.01	0.12
Full
fasting	23.02±3.76	20.28±3.74	0.27	0.73	21.66±3.43	21.64±4.07	0.99	0.26	20.43±3.77	22.86±4.08	0.32	0.64
postprandial	70.61±4.62	65.41±4.06	0.01	0.28	68.56±4.92	67.46±3.79	0.59	0.39	66.21±4.18	69.81±4.64	0.08	0.01
Strong
fasting	53.13±6.79	59.76±5.94	0.06	0.09	59.57±5.49	53.32±7.24	0.08	0.68	53.18±6.96	59.71±6.89	0.07	0.97
postprandial	13.79±3.83	15.78±3.98	0.08	0.04	14.76±4.13	14.81±3.75	0.96	0.99	16.81±4.22	12.76±3.66	<0.001	0.12
Much
fasting	57.29±5.35	61.28±4.82	0.09	0.14	61.39±4.25	57.18±5.79	0.08	0.58	58.79±4.84	59.78±5.72	0.68	0.93
postprandial	20.54±3.70	23.86±4.13	0.02	0.40	22.25±3.79	22.14±4.14	0.94	0.17	23.38±3.94	21.01±3.87	0.10	0.19
Sweet
fasting	33.41±7.42	34.33±6.42	0.72	0.37	36.38±6.76	31.37±7.05	0.0496	0.81	28.58±6.07	39.16±7.93	<0.0001	0.24
postprandial	14.83±3.85	18.09±4.05	0.02	0.98	15.99±3.69	16.94±4.47	0.48	0.82	17.94±4.32	14.98±3.61	0.03	0.32
Starch
fasting	47.27±8.27	52.04±7.65	0.12	0.96	52.10±7.09	47.21±8.80	0.11	0.41	48.46±8.37	50.84±8.27	0.44	0.91
postprandial	16.83±4.47	19.38±4.78	0.15	0.19	15.12±3.84	21.09±5.97	<0.001	0.87	19.99±4.76	16.23±4.55	0.03	0.47
Salty
fasting	41.49±7.95	43.14±8.04	0.45	0.16	42.56±7.23	42.07±8.76	0.82	0.32	38.08±7.57	46.55±8.51	<0.001	0.37
postprandial	17.51±4.62	20.67±4.73	0.09	0.51	16.30±3.77	21.88±6.14	<0.001	0.90	21.15±4.92	17.03±4.45	0.03	0.45
Meat
fasting	48.32±6.50	52.31±6.92	0.29	0.28	50.99±6.15	49.64±8.05	0.72	0.66	49.08±7.26	51.55±6.91	0.51	0.93
postprandial	14.43±4.11	17.24±4.05	0.03	0.27	14.72±3.98	16.95±4.17	0.08	0.15	18.37±4.39	13.30±3.67	<0.001	0.01
Dairy
fasting	44.35±8.29	48.09±7.82	0.21	0.90	45.60±7.78	46.84±8.46	0.68	0.76	46.56±8.46	45.88±8.45	0.82	0.76
postprandial	16.36±4.69	18.39±4.96	0.26	0.18	15.15±4.28	19.59±5.93	0.02	0.83	19.63±5.20	15.11±4.44	0.01	0.32
Vegetable
fasting	32.75±5.34	37.04±5.74	0.18	0.75	35.98±5.06	33.82±5.97	0.50	0.38	29.79±5.52	40.00±6.70	<0.01	0.16
postprandial	11.47±3.09	13.37±3.21	0.28	0.49	9.94±2.13	14.91±4.63	0.01	0.37	14.34±3.46	10.51±2.85	0.03	0.38
Fruit
fasting	45.70±7.76	50.42±7.45	0.08	0.57	49.83±7.00	46.29±8.25	0.19	0.92	47.97±8.36	48.15±7.43	0.95	0.62
postprandial	20.03±5.04	21.89±5.14	0.24	0.66	19.01±4.36	22.91±6.06	0.01	0.66	23.23±5.31	18.69±4.92	<0.01	0.79

Data are presented as mean ± SE. See Methods for details of linear mixed effect model. P-values of main effect and their interaction effects with test day are listed above as P and P (× day), respectively Significant effects (P<0.05) are shown in bold.