Table 1. Comparison of GWG (kg).
| Study or subgroup | Intervention | Control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Nutrition | ||||
| Di Carlo et al (2014) | 8.2 | 4.0 | 13.4 | 4.2 |
| Horan et al (2016) | 13.3 | 4.5 | 13.7 | 4.9 |
| Luo et al (2014) | 7.6 | 1.6 | 12.6 | 4.6 |
| McGowan et al (2013) | 11.5 | 4.2 | 12.6 | 4.4 |
| Quinlivan et al (2011) | 7.0 | NR | 13.8 | NR |
| Walsh and McAuliffe (2015) | 12.2 | 4.4 | 13.7 | 4.9 |
| p -Value: 0.013 | ||||
| Nutrition plus exercise | ||||
| Althuizen et al (2013) | 11.1 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 4.6 |
| Asbee et al (2009) | 13.0 | 5.7 | 16.2 | 7.0 |
| Aşcı and Rathfisch (2016) | 12.5 | 5.0 | 12.3 | 4.8 |
| Bogaerts et al (2013) (1) | 9.5 | 6.8 | 13.5 | 7.3 |
| Bogaerts et al (2013) (2) | 10.6 | 7.0 | 13.5 | 7.3 |
| Huang et al (2011) | 14.0 | 2.4 | 16.2 | 3.3 |
| Hui et al (2012) | 14.1 | 6.0 | 15.2 | 5.9 |
| Hui et al (2014) | 12.9 | 3.7 | 16.2 | 4.4 |
| Korpi-Hyövälti et al (2011) | 11.4 | 6.0 | 13.9 | 5.1 |
| Luoto et al (2011) | 13.8 | 5.8 | 14.2 | 5.1 |
| Mustila et al (2012) | 13.6 | 5.1 | 14.1 | 4.5 |
| Petrella et al (2014) | 8.8 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 5.0 |
| Phelan et al (2011) (NW) | 15.3 | 4.4 | 16.2 | 4.6 |
| Phelan et al (2011) (OV/OB) | 14.7 | 6.9 | 15.1 | 7.5 |
| Poston et al (2015) | 7.2 | 4.6 | 7.8 | 4.6 |
| Rauh et al (2013) | 14.1 | 4.1 | 15.6 | 5.8 |
| Renault et al (2014) | 8.6 | NR | 10.9 | NR |
| Ruchat et al (2012) (LI) | 15.3 | 2.9 | 18.3 | 5.3 |
| Ruchat et al (2012) (MI) | 14.9 | 3.8 | 18.3 | 5.3 |
| Szmeja et al (2014) | 9.1 | 5.8 | 9.7 | 5.7 |
| Tanvig et al (2015) | 7.0 | NR | 8.8 | NR |
| Vesco et al (2014) | 5.0 | 4.1 | 8.4 | 4.7 |
| p -Value: 0.056 | ||||
| Exercise | ||||
| Byrne et al (2011) | 10.8 | 5.1 | 11.8 | 5.9 |
| Garnæs et al (2016) | 10.5 | NR | 9.2 | NR |
| Haakstad and Bø (2011) | 13.0 | 4.0 | 13.8 | 4.0 |
| Kong et al (2014) (OV) | 10.5 | 5.4 | 9.9 | 6.1 |
| Kong et al (2014) (OB) | 12.1 | 9.0 | 12.5 | 8.5 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) | 10.3 | 1.7 | 16.4 | 3.9 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) (OV) | 10.0 | 1.7 | 16.4 | 3.9 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) (OB) | 10.4 | 5.6 | 10.9 | 7.6 |
| Renault et al (2014) | 9.4 | NR | 10.9 | NR |
| Ruiz et al (2013) (NW) | 12.3 | 3.6 | 13.8 | 4.1 |
| Ruiz et al (2013) (OV/OB) | 11.1 | 4.3 | 11.6 | 4.2 |
| p -Value: 0.069 | ||||
| Supervised exercise | ||||
| Garnæs et al (2016) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 9.2 | NR |
| Haakstad and Bø (2011) | 13.0 | 4.0 | 13.8 | 4.0 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) | 10.3 | 1.7 | 16.4 | 3.9 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) (OV) | 10.0 | 1.7 | 16.4 | 3.9 |
| Nascimento et al (2011) (OB) | 10.4 | 5.6 | 10.9 | 7.6 |
| Ruiz et al (2013) (NW) | 12.3 | 3.6 | 13.8 | 4.1 |
| Ruiz et al (2013) (OV/OB) | 11.1 | 4.3 | 11.6 | 4.2 |
| p -Value: 0.61 | ||||
| Unsupervised exercise | ||||
| Byrne et al (2011) | 10.8 | 5.1 | 11.8 | 5.9 |
| Kong et al (2014) (OV) | 10.5 | 5.4 | 9.9 | 6.1 |
| Kong et al (2014) (OB) | 12.1 | 9.0 | 12.5 | 8.5 |
| Renault et al (2014) | 9.4 | NR | 10.9 | NR |
| p -Value: 0.494 | ||||
| Total p -value: 0.0014 | ||||
Abbreviations: GWG, gestational weight gain; LI, low intensity; MI, moderate intensity; NR not reported; NW, normal weight; OB, obesity; OV, overweight; SD, standard deviation.