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. 2019 Mar 13;10:305. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00305

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Copyright © 2019 Pennisi, Blasioli, Cellini, Maia, Crepaldi, Braschi, Spinelli, Nicola, Fernandez, Stanghellini, Marcelis, Orsini and Gianquinto.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Growth and resources use efficiency in basil plants grown under LED lights with different R:B ratio (closed symbols) or under fluorescent lights (open symbols). (A) Fresh weight, (B) chlorophyll content, (C) water use efficiency (WUE), (D) Energy Use Efficiency (EUE), (E), land Surface Use Efficiency (SUE) of a single layer (circles), or a vertical farming structure of five-layers (triangles) and ten-layers (square), and (F) overall Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) (based on total content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe and expressed as g FW g⁻¹ nutrients). Data referring to experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 (charts A–E, 36 replicate plants) and experiments 2 and 3 (chart F, 18 replicate plants) are indicated as mean ± SE. Different letters indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05.