Table 1.
Summary of neurobiological activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (mangosteen).
| Paper | Mangosteen compound | Pathway/marker | Method | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marquez-Valadez et al. (72) | α-mangostin | ↓TBARs ↓ mitochondrial dysfunction |
Rats received pro-oxidant agents: ferrous sulfate, quinolinic acid and 3-NP (n = 60) | Antioxidant properties, reduced mitochondrial dysfunction |
| Marquez-Valadez et al. (73) | α-mangostin CH2Cl2–MeOH (dichloromethane) solution extraction | ↓GSH ↓GPx ~ Glutathione S-transferase |
In vitro Rats administered ferrous sulfate, or 3-NP, in addition to α-mangostin and compared to control of only α-mangostin | Selective modulation of GSH system, antioxidant properties |
| Moongkarndi et al. (65) | α-mangostin Comparing ethyl acetate vs. water extract | ↓DPPH (↑ROS scavenging; water extract only) ↓ cancer cell production |
In vitro Breast cancer (SKBR3) cells | Antioxidant properties |
| Lee et al. (74) | α-mangostin | ↓Bcl-2 ↑Bax ↓MAPk and ERK pathways, ↑apoptosis |
In vitro—tongue carcinoma cells | |
| Yang et al. (67) | 7-O-Demethyl mangostanin | ↑apoptosis | In vitro Cancer cells | |
| Shin-Yu et al. (75) | α-mangostin | ↓TBARs ↑ GSH, GPx, glutathione reductase, SOD, and catalase |
In vitro. High fat diet with mangosteen vs. High fat diet without mangosteen and compared to regular diet control. | Antioxidant properties |
| Oberholzer et al. (76) | Mangosteen pericarp extract | ↓ hippocampal lipid peroxidation | In vivo: Flinders sensitive line rats, compared with imipramine (tricyclic antidepressant) | Antioxidant properties |
| Harvey et al. (77); Lotter et al. (78) | Raw mangosteen pericarp (50 mg/kg) | ↓IL-6 and TNF-α ↓ cortico-striatal lipid peroxidation |
In vivo inflammatory rat model of schizophrenia cf. haloperidol | Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Wang et al. (66) | α-Mangostin, 8-Deoxygartanin, Gartanin, Garciniafuran, Garcinone C, Garcinone D, and γ-Mangostin | ↓β-amyloid build up ↓ DPPH ↑ROS scavenging (↓ oxidative stress) ↑neuroprotective properties |
In vitro | Antioxidant and Neuroprotective properties |
| Catorce et al. (79) | α-Mangostin | ↓IL-6 and COX-2 ~IL-β and TNF-α, |
In vivo 18 mice with LPS induced neuroinflammation. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Gutierrez-Orozco et al. (80) | α-mangostin | ↓IL-8 and TNF-α ↑ TNF-α in monocyte-derived macrophages cells |
In vitro. LPS-induced inflammation in human cells. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Tewtrakul et al. (81) | Mangosteen pericarp (ethanoic extract) α-mangostin γ-mangostin | ↓NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-4 ↓iNOS (α- and γ-mangostin) ↓ COX-2 (α-mangostin only) |
In vitro. LPS-induced inflammation in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Chen et al. (82) | α- and γ-mangostin (ethyl acetate extract) | ↓NO, PGE2 ↓ iNOS ~ COX-2 |
In vitro. LPS-induced inflammation in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Cho et al. (68) | Mangostenone F | ↓ NO, TNF-α, IL6 and IL-1β, ↓ iNOS ↓ NF-κB (via p65 and IκB-α) ↓ MAPK (vis AP-1) |
In vitro. LPS-induced inflammation in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Bumrungpert et al. (83) | α- and γ-mangostin | ↓IL-6, IL1β, interferon-γ and TNF-α ↓ MAPK, NF-κB |
In vitro | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Hu et al. (84) | α-mangostin (1, 10, and 100 nM). | ↓ IBA-1 and iNOS production ↓ H2O2 (reduced ROS) ↑ Dopamine uptake |
In vitro—wild-type Sprague-Dawley rat cells treated with α-synuclein induced inflammation. | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Weecharangsan et al. (85) | Mangosteen pericarp extracted by: Water vs. 50% ethanol vs. 95% ethanol vs. ethyl acetate | ↓ DPPH free radical scavenging. ↓NG108-15 (water and 50% ethanol superior) ↓ H2O2 Cell death |
In vitro NG108-15 cells treated with H2O2 | Neuroprotective and antioxidant properties |
| Janhom et al. (86) | α-mangostin | ↓ apoptosis and ROS ↓Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, p53, and caspase 3 ↑ Bcl-2 |
In vitro human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in an MPP+ Parkinson's Disease like state | Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties |
| Phyu and Tangpong (87) | Xanthones from aqueous extract of mangosteen pericarp | ↓acetylcholinesterase ↓MDA |
N = 42 lead-poisoned mice | Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties |
| Sattayasai et al. (88) | Mangosteen pericarp extract | ↓ROS | In vivo and In vitro memory impaired mice | Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties |
| Wihastuti et al. (89) | Mangosteen pericarp extracted by ethanol solution | ↓ VEGFR-1, NF-κB |
In vivo 20 male rats-−5 groups: Normal diet High cholesterol diet High cholesterol and mangosteen pericarp 200 mg/kg High cholesterol and mangosteen pericarp 400 mg/kg High cholesterol and mangosteen pericarp 800 mg/kg |
Neurogenesis, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties |
| Huang et al. (90) | Mangosteen pericarp extract | ~ JNK, ERK ↓ROS, COX-2 and IL-6 ↑GSH, brain derived neurotropic factor, and serotonin |
In vivo and In vitro: 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Hippocampal cells and serum. | Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties |
| Jariyapongskul et al. (91) | α-mangostin | ↓ VEGF, TNF-α, MDA, and fasting glucose | In vivo: 56 type 2 diabetic rats, retinal blood. | Neurogenesis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-hyperglycemic properties |
| Aisha et al. (92) | combination of α- and γ-mangostin (81 and 16%, respectively) | ↑caspases-3/7 ↑MAPK, ERK and p52 |
In vitro: human colon cancer cells | Activate mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis |
| Tang et al. (93) | Commercially available Mangosteen juice (Mangosteen PlusTM with Essential Minerals®), main xanthone: β-mangostin | ↓IL-1α ↓CRP ~ IL-β and IL-2 |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (n = 60) | Anti-inflammatory properties |
| Xie et al. (94) | Mangosteen-based drink (Verve®) | ↓Peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (antioxidant activity) ↓CRP ~ IL- 1α, IL- 1β, and IL- 2 |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (n = 60) | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties |
| Udani et al. (95) | Mangosteen juice from whole fruit, combined with other fruit juices (XanGo JuiceTM) | ↓CRP (18 oz/day group only), IL-12p70 ↓ Body mass index (for 6oz group only) ~ENA-78 and lipid peroxidation |
Randomized, double blind placebo-controlled pilot of obese participants (n = 40) | Anti-inflammatory properties |
3-NP, 3-nitropropionic acid; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ENA, epithelial Cell-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Protein; ERK, extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; IBA-1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; MDA, malondialdehyde; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acidic reactive substances; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.