Table 1.
The product yield and selectivity of glycolic and lactic acids; and glycerol conversion attained from the previous catalytic approaches.
| Type of catalyst | Conditions | Glycerol conversion (%) | Lactic acid | Glycolic acid | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y (%) | S (%) | Y (%) | S (%) | ||||
| Au/C (1% CB) | T: 333 K P O2: 1 Mpa |
100 | – | 40 | Demirel-Gülen et al., 2005 | ||
| Au/C (5% CB) | Time: 3 h NaOH medium |
100 | – | 36 | |||
| Au/C | T: 323 K P O2: 0.3 Mpa |
90 | – | 17.0 | Dimitratos et al., 2006 | ||
| Pd/C | NaOH medium | 90 | – | 5.6 | |||
| Pt | T: 333 K | 40 | – | 22 | Rodrigues et al., 2013 | ||
| Pt/C | P O2: 0.3 Mpa | 81 | – | 19 | |||
| Au/C | Time: 3 h | 61 | – | 18 | |||
| Pt/C-Au/C | NaOH medium | 98 | – | 20 | |||
| Ptt/S-CNFs | T: 333 K P O2: 0.4 MPa Time: 6 h |
89.9 | – | 8.9 | Zhang et al., 2015 | ||
| Au/PUF (295 nm) | T: 333 K | 30 | – | 76 | Gil et al., 2014 | ||
| Au/PUF (236 nm) | P O2: 0.5 MPa | 30 | – | 74 | |||
| Au/PUF (111 nm) | Time: 1 h | 30 | – | 50 | |||
| Au/PUF (138 nm) | NaOH medium | 30 | – | 55 | |||
| Pt/MCNN amount: 3.3 g | T: 333 K P O2: 0.3 MPa |
88.5 | – | 12.1 | Wang et al., 2015 | ||
| N amount: 2.7 g | Time: 4 h | 63.1 | – | 6.3 | |||
| AuPd/C + Mg(OH)2 | Au: Pd = 1: 1.85 Catalyst = 1% wt T: 60°C Time: 4 h P O2: 3 bar |
40 | – | 10 | Fu et al., 2018 | ||
| AuPd/C + NaHCO3 | T: 60°C | 30 | – | 10 | |||
| Bi-AuPt/Ac | O2 flow: 15 ml/min | 31.5 | 14.3 | Motta et al., 2018 | |||
| Pt/C (NaOH) | T: 473 K P H2: 4 MPa Time: 5 h |
20 92 (5 h) | – | 0.62 0.48 | Maris and Davis, 2007 | ||
| Ru/C (NaOH) | 20 100 (5 h) | – | 0.47 0.34 | ||||
| Pt/C (CaO) | 30 100 (5 h) |
– | 0.58 0.58 |
||||
| Ru/C (CaO) | 20 85 (5 h) |
– | 0.54 0.48 | ||||
| Alkaline metal-hydroxide KOH NaOH LiOH |
T: 573 K Time: 1.5 h | >90 >90 >90 |
90.0 87.1 81.2 |
– – – |
Shen et al., 2009 | ||
| Au-Pt/TiO2 | T: 363 K P: 0.1 MPa NaOH medium |
30 | – | 85.6 | Shen et al., 2010 | ||
| Ir-based catalyst | T: 433 K P N2: 0.1 MPa Time: 15 h KOH medium |
34.8 | – | >95 | Sharninghausen et al., 2014 | ||
| Au-Pt/nCeO2 | T: 373 K P O2: 0.5 MPa Time: 30 min NaOH medium |
99 | – | 80 | Purushothaman et al., 2014 | ||
| Au/CeO2 | T: 363 K P O2: 0.1 MPa NaOH medium |
98 | – | 83 | Lakshmanan et al., 2013 | ||
| Ru/La2O3 | T: 453 K P H2: 5 MPa Time: 10 h |
31.5 | – | 8.5 | Feng et al., 2014 | ||
| Ru/MgO | 60.4 | – | 21.3 | ||||
| Ru/CeO2 | 85.2 | – | 3.1 | ||||
| Pt/C | T: 363 K P O2: 0.1 MPa Time: 6 h LiOH medium |
100 | – | 69.3 | Zhang et al., 2016 | ||
| Pd/C | T: 503 K P O2: 0.1 MPa Time: 3 h NaOH medium |
99 | – | 68 | Arcanjo et al., 2016 | ||
| Pt/C | 99 | – | 74 | ||||
| Ir(NHC-PhSO3)(CO)2 | T: 115°C Time: 3 h (microwave) |
– | 91 | Finn et al., 2018 | |||
| Time: 24 h (conventional) |
– | 8 | |||||
| Pt/ZnO | T: 260°C P: 46 atm Time: 30 h |
60 | 60 | Bruno et al., 2018 | |||
T, Temperature; P, Pressure; atm, atmospheric; Y, Yield; S, Selectivity.