Table 3.

Urinary polyphenol concentration (µM) quantified by mass spectrometry and normalized according to 24-h urine volume

Treatment time	OEP		Ctrl		p value
	T0	T1	T0	T1
Anthranilic acid (µM)
Mean	1.30	1.38	1.33	1.46	0.467
SD	0.98	0.94	0.86	1.39
4-Aminobenzoic acid (µM)
Mean	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.173
SD	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.02
Vanillin (µM)
Mean	30.63	12.35	38.98	27.56	0.071
SD	66.66	21.52	66.17	60.26
Acetovanillone (µM)
Mean	2.66	2.58	3.13	2.60	0.435
SD	2.45	1.47	3.64	1.87
2,4-DiOH-benzoic acid (µM)
Mean	0.81	1.09	0.92	0.83	< 0.001
SD	0.34	0.44	0.40	0.36
3,5-DiOH-benzoic acid (µM)
Mean	3.01	2.25	3.65	3.11	0.483
SD	1.93	1.64	3.32	2.86
2,5-DiOH-benzoic acid (µM)
Mean	2.93	3.26	2.53	2.26	0.022
SD	2.83	2.29	1.28	1.74
Neochlorogenic acid (µM)
Mean	0.43	0.35	0.32	0.35	0.149
SD	0.43	0.31	0.22	0.25
Chlorogenic acid (µM)
Mean	0.59	0.57	0.55	0.46	0.738
SD	0.44	0.51	0.51	0.41
Fertaric acid (µM)
Mean	0.12	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.475
SD	0.23	0.12	0.14	0.18
t-Coutaric acid (µM)
Mean	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.05
SD	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.11	0.614
Phloretin (µM)
Mean	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.03
SD	0.07	0.02	0.09	0.06	0.214
Phlorizin (µM)
Mean	0.10	0.05	0.09	0.07
SD	0.16	0.07	0.21	0.11	0.368
Naringenin (µM)
Mean	0.07	0.04	0.10	0.08
SD	0.08	0.03	0.11	0.10	0.709
Phloroglucinol (µM)
Mean	15.09	15.43	15.68	15.54
SD	5.49	5.93	6.26	6.26	0.788
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (µM)
Mean	6.27	6.17	6.81	5.24
SD	3.87	4.13	3.06	2.24	0.076
m-Coumaric acid (µM)
Mean	0.67	0.81	0.68	0.60
SD	0.87	0.79	0.87	0.66	0.341
3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid (µM)
Mean	20.65	34.02	16.12	13.83
SD	18.12	24.58	21.20	18.33	0.009
Vanillic acid (µM)
Mean	2.80	3.16	2.32	2.25
SD	2.50	2.19	2.39	1.95	0.499
3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (µM)
Mean	1.39	22.09	1.68	0.94
SD	3.04	13.19	3.28	2.11	< 0.001
Hippuric acid (µM)
Mean	746.62	917.46	789.12	734.80
SD	277.46	331.38	321.79	313.13	0.014
Caffeic acid (µM)
Mean	0.45	0.64	0.47	0.44
SD	0.34	0.28	0.24	0.24	0.003
Homovanillic acid (µM)
Mean	20.96	54.41	21.63	19.62
SD	7.36	21.87	8.12	8.02	< 0.001
Isoferulic acid (µM)
Mean	1.45	1.72	0.59	0.93
SD	3.88	4.62	0.61	1.76	0.577
t-Ferulic acid (µM)
Mean	2.47	2.35	1.71	3.07
SD	2.62	2.40	1.17	6.01	0.901
Alpha-hydroxyhippuric acid (µM)
Mean	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.05
SD	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.829
Urolithin A (µM)
Mean	0.26	0.23	0.49	0.36
SD	0.40	0.58	1.11	0.86	0.623
3-Hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (µM)
Mean	34.82	65.11	28.76	29.58
SD	40.05	43.29	18.77	27.69	0.001
Hydroferulic acid (µM)
Mean	3.95	5.47	4.87	3.82
SD	5.20	5.21	5.19	3.71	0.106
Sinapic acid (µM)
Mean	0.64	1.06	0.78	0.67
SD	0.51	0.78	0.71	0.69	0.002
Protocatechuic acid (µM)
Mean	0.55	0.75	0.54	0.50
SD	0.59	0.39	0.32	0.28	0.001
Scopoletin (µM)
Mean	0.14	0.29	0.11	0.13
SD	0.14	0.16	0.12	0.15	0.001
Cryptochlorogenic acid (µM)
Mean	0.15	0.14	0.12	0.14
SD	0.20	0.15	0.15	0.19	0.880
Syringic acid (µM)
Mean	0.48	0.64	0.62	0.59
SD	0.27	0.49	0.50	0.47	0.083
4-Hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (µM)
Mean	109.73	125.51	96.81	101.87
SD	86.90	65.10	40.88	57.97	0.290

Data represent the mean and standard deviation (SD) at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T1) of dietary intervention with olive-enriched product (OEP) or control product (Ctrl), and the relative p value after factorial ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. Cinnamic acid, caftaric acid, cis-piceide, luteolin, hesperidin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2 + B4, procyanidin B3, quercetin-3-Rha, kaempferol-3-Glc, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, dihydrokaempferol, quercetin-3-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, arbutin, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrocatechol, urolithin B, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, quercetin-3-Glc + quercetin-3-gal, isorhamnetin-3-Glc, rutin, salidroside are not shown, since the levels fell below limit of quantification