Table 1.

Some examples of intervention approaches that have been applied for reducing craving for and consumption of both food and addictive substances

General area	Specific technique	References
Brain stimulation	Transcranial direct current simulation	[46, 47]
	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation	[46–48]
Bio-/neurofeedback	Heart rate variability biofeedback	[49]
	Electroencephalography neurofeedback	[50]
	Functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback	[50]
Cognitive bias modification, executive function training	Attentional bias modification	[51]
	Approach bias modification	[52]
	Motor response inhibition training	[53, 54]
	Working memory training	[55, 56]
Other techniques	Mindfulness-/acceptance-based strategies	[57]
	Ecological momentary intervention	[58]
	Working memory load/interference	[59]
	Cue exposure and response prevention	[60, 61]
	Reappraisal training	[62, 63]