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. 2019 Mar 19;9:4877. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41257-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study area, sample locations, and modern water elevation modeling. (A) Digital elevation model showing the northern extent of the Andean plateau generated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90 m elevation data. Physiographic regions characterizing the central Andes: AY = Ayacucho, WC = Western Cordilleran, AP = Altiplano. EC = Eastern Cordillera. Topographic swaths along a–a’ and b–b’ are 140 and 340 km wide, respectively; the dashed line is an arbitrary cutoff between the topographic swaths and modern water data. Modern water data include results from Bershaw⁴² and volcanic samples include results from Saylor and Horton¹². (B) Topographic swaths showing mean, minimum, maximum, and 1σ standard deviation elevation. Modern water measurements are color-coded to d-excess values. White circles are mean catchment elevations calculated from modern waters using a modified non-linear isotopic lapse rate⁴³.