Table 3.
Patient characteristics in Parkinson's disease patients with unimodal, multimodal, and without hallucinations.
| Unimodal Hall+ (N = 10) | Multimodal Hall+ (N = 10) | Hall- (N = 20) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 74.20 (5.85) | 70.10 (6.17) | 70.50 (6.45) |
| Gender, female | 2 (20.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 6 (30.0%) |
| Education level | 6.50 (3.75–7.0) | 4.00 (2.75–5.50) | 7.00 (6.0–7.0) |
| Handedness, right | 9 (90.0%) | 9 (90.0%) | 15 (75.0%) |
| Disease duration, yrs | 8.13 (4.81–19.79) | 6.46 (4.02–11.19) | 4.46 (2.75–9.38) |
| Hoehn & Yahr staging scale | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.38–4.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) |
| LED, mg/day | 922.0 (575.25–1459.75) | 860.0 (587.50–1056.75) | 666.0 (547.25–1218.75) n = 18 |
| BDI-II⁎, § | 16.0 (9.75–21.25) | 14.50 (9.75–18.50) | 10.0 (5.0–14.75) |
| DJGL⁎ | 5.0 (2.50–6.0) | 3.50 (1.0–6.0) | 1.00 (0.0–4.0) |
| Type of hallucinations | |||
| VH | 10 (100.0%) | 10 (100.0%) | |
| AH | 0 | 10 (100.0%) | |
| OH | 0 | 6 (60.0%) | |
| TH | 0 | 6 (60.0%) | |
| Distress from hallucinations | 2 (20.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Emotional valence of hallucinations | 1 (10.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | |
| Delusions | 0 | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Cognition | |||
| MMSE⁎⁎ | 24.5 (16.25–27.0) | 27.0 (24.75–28.25) | 28.5 (27.0–29.0) |
| Digit Span forward | 7.90 (1.97) | 8.50 (0.85) | 8.85 (1.66) |
| TMT-A⁎ | 118.89 (66.10) n = 9 | 76.30 (48.33) | 65.73 (58.25) |
| TMT-B⁎⁎ | 242.43 (121.84) n = 7 | 155.63 (75.08) | 121.77 (67.52) n = 18 |
| TMTB-A | 136.29 (138.46) n = 7 | 97.88 (57.42) | 74.13 (58.16) n = 18 |
Data are mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or n(%).Education level was assessed with the 7-item Verhage coding system for education (Verhage, 1964). Disease duration was calculated as the years diagnosed with PD at enrollment in the study. The Hoehn and Yahr staging scale was used to measure disease severity based on clinical features and functional disability. It ranges from 0 to 5 with higher scores indicating more advanced disease severity (Goetz et al., 2004). The total dose of dopaminergic medication (i.e. including dopaminomimetics and levodopa) was converted to a so-called levodopa equivalent dose in milligrams per day based on (Tomlinson et al., 2010). Depression was measured with the BDI-II. Loneliness was measured using the DJGL.
BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; DJGL: De Jong Gierveld Loneliness scale; Hall-: PD patients without hallucinations; LED: Levodopa Equivalent Dose; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; Multimodal Hall+: PD patients with multimodal hallucinations; PD: Parkinson's disease; TMT-A: Trail-Making Test part A; TMT—B: Trail-Making Test part B; TMTB-A: a contrast score between TMT-B and TMT-A calculated as a measure of attentional set-shifting; Unimodal Hall+: PD patients with only visual hallucinations;
p < 0.05; significantly different between unimodal Hall+ and Hall- patients.
p < 0.01; significantly different between unimodal Hall+ and Hall- patients.
p < 0.05; significantly different between multimodal Hall+ and Hall- patients.