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. 2019 Jan 30;17(4):2641–2647. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7223

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Copyright: © Guo et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 3. — Carnosine modulates the expression of PKC/ERK mRNA in RVECs. The expression of (A) PKC and (B) ERK mRNA were determined via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction following treatment with or without PD98059, U46619 and carnosine. Expression was normalized to GAPDH and quantified. All measurements are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean from three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. NC Control; ^#P<0.05 vs. NC PD98059; ⁺P<0.05 vs. U46619; ^{^}P<0.05 vs. DM Control; ^&P<0.05 vs. DM PD98059; ^@P<0.05 vs. DM U46619. PKC, protein kinase C; ERK, extracellular signal related kinase; RVEC, retinal vascular endothelial cells; NC, negative control; DM, diabetes mellitus.