Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by trial arm status
| Variable | Intervention (TCM) | Control (TAU) |
|---|---|---|
| NS = 40 | NS = 40 | |
| School (cluster) characteristics | ||
| Rural v. urban school, n (%) | ||
| Rural, n (%) | 18 (45.0) | 19 (47.5) |
| Urban, n (%) | 22 (55.0) | 21 (52.5) |
| Education Key Stagea | ||
| Key stage 1, n (%) | 20 (50.0) | 21 (52.5) |
| Key stage 2, n (%) | 20 (50.0) | 19 (47.5) |
| % eligible for free school meals, median (IQR) | 12 (8–24) | 14 (10–23) |
| Index of multiple deprivation score, median (IQR) | 0.17 (0.08–0.24) | 0.16 (0.10–0.27) |
| Teacher (cluster) characteristics | NT = 40 | NT = 40 |
| More than 5 years of teaching, n (%) | 20 (50.0) | 27 (67.5) |
| Age in years, mean (s.d.) | 34.5 (9.0) | 31.4 (8.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 32 (80.0) | 33 (82.5) |
| Newly qualified, n (%) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) |
| Has management position, n (%) | 4 (10) | 2 (5) |
| Teacher Self-efficacy Questionnaire | ||
| Student Engagement subscale, mean (s.d.) | 6.8 (1.0) | 7.1 (1.0) |
| Instructional Practice subscale, mean (s.d.) | 6.9 (1.0) | 7.2 (0.9) |
| Classroom Management subscale, mean (s.d.) | 7.3 (0.9) | 7.5 (0.9) |
| Maslach Burn-Out Inventory | ||
| Exhaustion, mean (s.d.) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.4) |
| Cynicism, mean (s.d.) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.0) |
| Professional Efficacy, mean (s.d.) | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.6 (0.8) |
| Everyday Feelings Questionnaire (teacher well-being), mean (s.d.) | 17.2 (6.9) | 13.9 (6.6) |
| Pupil characteristics | ||
| NP = 1037 | NP = 1038 | |
| Female, n (%) | 483 (46.6) | 491 (47.3) |
| Age in years at last birthday, mean (s.d.; range) | 6.2 (1.4; 4–9) | 6.4 (1.3; 4–8) |
| Year group | ||
| Reception | 182 (17.6) | 88 (8.5) |
| Year 1 | 176 (17.0) | 192 (18.5) |
| Year 2 | 135 (13.0) | 275 (26.5) |
| Year 3 | 389 (37.5) | 220 (21.2) |
| Year 4 | 155 (14.9) | 263 (25.3) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| NP = 721 | NP = 701 | |
| White, n (%) | 689 (95.6) | 663 (94.6) |
| Black, n (%) | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) |
| Asian, n (%) | 5 (0.7) | 11 (1.6) |
| Mixed, n (%) | 20 (2.8) | 18 (2.6) |
| Other, n (%) | 3 (0.4) | 5 (0.7) |
| NP = 595 | NP = 502 | |
| Eligible for free school meals, n (%) | 70 (11.8) | 64 (12.7) |
| NP = 860 | NP = 844 | |
| Index of multiple deprivation score, median (IQR) | 0.16 (0.08–0.64) | 0.15 (0.09–0.25) |
| NP = 770 | NP = 747 | |
| Number of children in household | ||
| 1, n (%) | 125 (16.2) | 122 (16.3) |
| 2, n (%) | 403 (52.3) | 389 (52.1) |
| 3, n (%) | 175 (22.7) | 158 (21.2) |
| 4, n (%) | 45 (5.8) | 49 (6.6) |
| 5 or more, n (%) | 22 (2.9) | 29 (3.9) |
| NP = 766 | NP = 744 | |
| Lives in rented housing, n (%) | 475 (62.0) | 423 (56.9) |
| NP = 758 | NP = 734 | |
| Parent's highest qualification | ||
| None, n (%) | 29 (3.8) | 46 (6.3) |
| GSCE or equivalent/A Level or equivalent, n (%) | 377 (49.7) | 377 (51.4) |
| University Degree or equivalent and above, n (%) | 352 (46.4) | 311 (42.4) |
| NP = 1036 | NP = 1038 | |
| SDQ Total Difficulties score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 12 + |
6.8 (5.6) | 6.6 (6.1) |
| SDQ Total Difficulties score in struggling rangeb (teacher report), n (%) | 206 (19.9) | 200 (19.3) |
| SDQ Behaviour score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 3 + |
0.8 (1.5) | 0.9 (1.6) |
| SDQ Emotions score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 3 + |
1.5 (2.0) | 1.4 (2.1) |
| SDQ Overactivity score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 6 + |
3.3 (3.0) | 3.1 (3.2) |
| SDQ Peer Relationships score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 3 + |
1.2 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.7) |
| SDQ Pro-social score (teacher report), mean (s.d.) Low if <6 |
7.3 (2.5) | 7.6 (2.4) |
| SDQ Impact score > 0 (teacher report), n (%) Raised if 1 + |
395 (38.1) | 373 (35.9) |
| NP = 733–752 | NP = 706–715 | |
| SDQ Total Difficulties score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 14 + |
7.8 (6.0) | 7.8 (5.9) |
| SDQ Total Difficulties score in struggling rangec (parent report), n (%) | 124 (16.5) | 111 (15.5) |
| SDQ Behaviour score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 3 + |
1.5 (1.6) | 1.4 (1.6) |
| SDQ Emotions score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 4 + |
1.8 (2.0) | 1.8 (2.0) |
| SDQ Overactivity score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 6 + |
3.3 (2.6) | 3.3 (2.6) |
| SDQ Peer Relationships score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Raised if 3 + |
1.2 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.6) |
| SDQ Pro-social score (parent report), mean (s.d.) Low if <6 |
8.4 (1.7) | 8.5 (1.7) |
| SDQ Impact score > 0 (parent report), n (%) Raised if 1 + |
244 (33.3) | 209 (29.6) |
| NP = 1036 | NP = 1038 | |
| Pupil Behaviour Questionnaire, mean (s.d.) | 2.0 (2.4) | 1.9 (2.4) |
| NP = 1025 | NP = 1028 | |
| How I Feel About My School, mean (s.d.) | 10.9 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.3) |
| NP = 746 | NP = 713 | |
| Assessment of Pupil Reading Level (parent report) | ||
| Fluent Reader, n (%) | 320 (42.9) | 349 (48.9) |
| NP = 753 | NP = 713 | |
| Assessment of Pupil's Relationship with Teacher (parent report) | ||
| Good Relationship, n (%) | 632 (83.9) | 622 (87.2) |
| NP = 731 | NP = 703 | |
| Assessment of Parent's Relationship with Teacher (parent report) | ||
| Good Relationship, n (%) | 465 (63.6) | 485 (69.0) |
a
Education Key Stage 1 covers Reception to Year 2 for children aged 4–7; Key Stage 2 covers Years 3–6 for children aged 7–8.
b
Struggling defined as scoring 12 or more out of 40.
c
Struggling defined as scoring 14 or more out of 40.
SDQ norms from www.sdqinfo.com.
NS – number of schools in denominator.
NT – number of teachers in denominator.
NP – number of pupils in denominator.