Table 2.

Selected examples of established chemotherapy-associated late effects

Class of Chemotherapy	Chemotherapeutic Agents	Established Late Effects	References
Alkylating agents	Busulfan, Carboplatin, Carmustine, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Lomustine, Mechlorethamine, Melphalan, Procarbazine, Thiotepa; plus the non-classical alkylators Dacarbazine and Temozolomide	Secondary myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia Gonadal dysfunction and Infertility Pulmonary fibrosis (with exposure to Busulfan, Carmustine or Lomustine) Urinary tract abnormalities (with exposure to Cyclophosphamide or Ifosfamide) Renal dysfunction (with exposure to Cisplatin/Carboplatin and Ifosfamide) Ototoxicity (with exposure to Cisplatin or very high dose Carboplatin) Dyslipidemia (with exposure to Cisplatin)	60, 61, 65, 70, 71, 101–104
Anthracyclines	Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Idarubicin	Left ventricular dysfunction Cardiomyopathy Dysrhythmias	48, 105, 106
Corticosteroids	Dexamethasone, Prednisone	Reduced bone mineral density Osteonecrosis Cataracts	78, 107, 108
Vinca Alkaloids	Vincristine, Vinblastine	Peripheral sensory and motor neuropathy	109, 110
Antimetabolites	Methotrexate	Neurocognitive impairment Leukoencephalopathy Liver dysfunction Renal toxicity Decreased bone mineral density	23, 64, 70, 107
Epipodophyllotoxins	Etoposide Teniposide	Acute myeloid leukemia