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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Immunol. 2018 Dec;18(12):759–772. doi: 10.1038/s41577-018-0051-1

Table 1:

Comparison of different microglial cell phenotypes [ED:?]

Cell phenotype ‘M1’ microglial cell ‘DAM’ or ‘MGnD’ microglial cell ‘M2’ microglial cell (alternative activation) ‘M2’ microglial cell (acquired deactivation)
Stimulus IFNy, TNF, LPS Disease-associated pathologies, neuronal cell death, tissue damage IL-4 and IL-13 TGFβ and IL-10
Marker genes

  • IL1b, Tnf, Il6, Il23

  • iNOS and ROS-producing genes

  • MHCII (?)*

 Apoe, Trem2, Clec7a, Lpl, Itgax, Axl, Csf1, Lilrb4, Spp1, Ccl2, Cst7 Arg1, Ym1, Mrc1, Fizz1, Clec7a Il10, Tgfb
Functions

  • Oxidative stress

  • Kill microbes or host cells

  • Phagocytosis

  • Antigen presentation (?)*

  • Phagocytose dead and injured neurons

  • Trim amyloid p plaques

  • Inflammasome/ASC formation, promote plaque seeding

  • Inflammatory stress and damage

  • Extracellular matrix production and remodeling for tissue repair and wound healing

  • Phagocytosis

  • Immunosuppression
Genes regulated in the same direction IL1b ↑, Cybb ↑, Lilrb4 ↑, Ccl2 ↑, Axl ↑, Itgax ↑, Tspo ↑, P2ry12 ↓, Tmem119 ↓ Olfml3 ↓, Tgfbr1 ↓, Csf1r ↓, Sall1 ↓, Hexb ↓, Rhob ↓ ⋯ Arg1 ↑, Ym1 ↑, Clec7a ↑ ⋯
Genes regulated in opposite directions Apoe, Trem2, Erg1, Spp1… Many genes…
*

Inconclusive