Table 1.

Possible herb-herb interactions.

Herb 1	Herb 2	Monitoring indexes	Pharmacokinetic parameters of indexes comparing to administration herb 1 alone										Ref.
			AUC0-t	AUC0-∞	t1/2	Tmax	Cmax	MRT0-∞	MRT0-t	K	Vd	CL
Borneolum	Guanxin Shutong Capsule	Camphor	↓		↓		↓
		Isoborneol	↓	↓	↑		↓
		Borneol	↓	↓			↓
		Eugenol	↑	↑	↑	↑	↓
	Syzigium aromaticum	Camphor			↓		↓						[45]
		Isoborneol					↓
		Borneol			↓
		Eugenol				↑	↓
Salviae miltiorrhizae	Borneol	Rosmarinic acid		↑			↑	↑
		Salvianolic acid A		↑			↑						[46]
		Salvianolic acid B		↑	↑			↑
Radix et Rhizoma Rhei	Dahuang-Fuzi Decoction	Chrysophanol	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓						[43]
		Physcion	↓	↓		↑	↓
Paeonia lactiflora	Zengmian Yiliu Formula	Albiflorin	↓	↓			↓			↓a	↑	↑	[47]
		Paeoniflorin			-c					↓b
Radix Kansui and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae	Gansui-Banxia Decoction	Liquiritigenin	↑	↑	↑	↓	↑
		Isoliquiritigenin	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
		Liquiritin	↓	↓	↑	↓	↑						[48]
		Glycyrrhetinic acid	↑	↑		↓	↑
		Glycyrrhizic acid	↑	↑	↑
Radix Paeoniae	Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae	Liquiritigenin	↑	↑			↑
		Isoliquiritigenin	↑	↑			↑
		Liquiritin	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑						[48]
		Glycyrrhetinic acid	↑	↑	↑		↑
		Glycyrrhizic acid		↑	↑	↑	↑
Cortex Mori	Radix Pueraria Flavonoids	1-deoxynojirimycin				↑	↑	↑					[49]
Ramulus Cinnamomi	Ephedrae Herba	Coumarin	↑	↑	↑			↑	↑
		Cinnamic alcohol	↑	↑					↑				[50]
		Cinnamic acid	↑	↑	↓			↑	↑
Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan	Radix Paeoniae Rubra	Paeoniflorin	↓	↓		↓						↑
		Albiflorin	↓	↓		↓						↑
		Oxypaeoniflorin	↓	↓		↓						↑
	Corydalis yanhusuo	Tetrahydropalmatine	↑	↑	↓	↓	↑					↓	[51]
		Corydaline	↑	↑		↓	↑
		Dehydrocorydaline	↑	↑		↓	↑					↓
		Berberine	↑	↑		↓	↑
Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan	Radix Angelica sinensis and Rhizome Ligusticum chuanxiong	Senkyunolide A	↑				↑
		Ligustilide	↑	↑	↓		↑
		Butylidenephthalide	↑	↑	↓	↓	↑						[42]
		3-butyl-phthalide	↑	↑			↑
		Levistilide A	↑	↑	↓	↓	↑
Panax Ginseng glycosides	Schisandra lignans	Ginsenoside Rb2d	↑	↑
		Ginsenoside Rcd	↑	↑
		Ginsenoside Rdd	↑	↑
		Ginsenoside Rb1e	↑	↑									[44]
		Ginsenoside Rb2e	↑	↑
		Ginsenoside Rde		↑
Quercetin and Rutin	Leaves of Bacopa monnieri, Fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides and Bulbs of Dioscorea bulbifera	Quercetin	↓				↓						[52]
		Rutin	↑	↑			↑	↑
Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (1:1)	Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (4:1)	Albiflorin	↑				↑					↓
		Oxypaeoniflorin	↑				↑					↓
		Paeoniflorin	↑				↑					↓
		Isoliquiritin	↑
		Liquiritigenin	↑									↓	[53]
		Isoliquiritigenin	↓				↓					↑
		Ononin	↑									↓
		Glycyrrhizin	↑				↑					↓
		Glycyrrhetinic acid	↓				↓
Rhizoma Tianma	Ferulic acid	Gastrodin		↑	↑			↓					[54]
	Total phenolic acid of Rhizoma Chuanxiong	Gastrodin		↑			↑
Rhizoma Tianma	Total alkaloids of Rhizoma Chuanxiong	Gastrodin		↑									[54]
	Rhizoma Chuanxiong	Gastrodin		↑	↑		↓	↑				↓

Blanks indicate not mentioned or not significant changes.

a. decrease in elimination rate constant.

b. decrease in distribution/absorption rate constant.

c: decrease in elimination half-life and increase in distribution half-life.

d: single dose.

e: multiple doses.