Table 1.

Representative nanovaccines for tumor treatment

Nanosystem	Immunomodulator	Tumor model	Combination	Ref.
PLGA nanoparticle, DOTAP‐coated PLGA nanoparticle, functionalized PLGA‐PEG nanoparticle	Tumor‐derived protein antigens released during radiotherapy	B16F10 & 4T1	Combined with anti‐PD‐1, increased abscopal effect	88
High‐density lipoprotein‐mimicking nanodisc	Neoantigen peptide, CpG	MC‐38 and B16F10	Combined with anti‐PD‐1, anti‐CTLA‐4	97
Evans blue conjugate that binds to albumin in vivo as nanovaccine	Neoantigen peptide, CpG	MC‐38 and B16F10	Combined with anti‐PD‐1 and/or Abraxane	108
PEG‐b‐PC7A copolymer nanoparticle	Antigen peptide	B16F10, MC‐38, TC‐1	Combined with anti‐PD‐1	113
PEI‐absorbed mesoporous silica microrod	Neoantigen peptide, CpG, GM‐CSF	B16F10, TC‐1	Combined with anti‐CTLA‐4	114
Self‐assembled intertwining CpG‐stat3 shRNA nanocapsule, PPT‐g‐PEG copolymer	Neoantigen peptide, CpG, stat3 shRNA	MC‐38,	\	115
PLGA‐nanoparticle‐stabilized Pickering emulsion adjuvant system	Tumor‐associated antigen peptide	B16‐MUC1	\	117
DOTMA/DOPE liposome	RNA‐encoded antigens	B16‐OVA, B16F10, CT26, TC‐1, phase I clinical trial	\	123
B16F10 cell membrane‐coated PLGA nanoparticle	Cancer cell membrane, CpG	B16F10	Combined with anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA‐4	133
Dying tumor cell modified with hyaluronic acid incorporated liposome	Dying tumor cells, CpG	B16F10‐OVA, CT26	Combined with anti‐PD‐1	137
Iron oxide–zinc oxide core–shell nanoparticle	Tumor‐associated antigen peptide	MC38‐CEA	\	139
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle, fucoidan and aldehyde‐functionalized dextran	Anti‐PD‐L1, anti‐CD3, anti‐CD28	4T1, CT‐26	\	141
Hexapod‐like CpG‐gold nanoparticle hydrogel	CpG	EG7‐OVA	Combined with photothermal therapy	143
PEG‐grafted poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐1‐octadecene)‐modified upconversion nanoparticle	Toll‐like‐receptor‐7 agonist (imiquimod)	CT26	Combined with surgery, photodynamic therapy and anti‐CTLA‐4	145