Validation of conditional KO in GnRH-Bmal1−/− and Kiss-Bmal1−/− mice. (Ai) GnRH (magenta), (Aii) BMAL1 (green), and (Aiii) merged image with DAPI (blue) from a Bmal1fl/fl mouse. GnRH neurons are identified by arrowheads in the isolated and merged images. (Bi) GnRH (magenta), (Bii) BMAL1 (green), and (Biii) merged image of with DAPI (blue) from a GnRH-Bmal1−/− mouse. (C) Quantification of the percentage of GnRH and Bmal1 colocalization in Bmal1fl/fl and GnRH-Bmal1−/− mice (t test, n = 3 to 4; P < 0.003). (D) Representative PCR product from genomic DNA of micropunches showing Bmal1 recombination in the AVPV and ARC of the Kiss-Bmal1−/− mouse, but not in regions lacking Kiss1 expression (~0.57-kb band). Recombination in a Bmal1 KO tail sample is shown as a positive control. ***P < 0.001. Cere., cerebellum; NTC, no template control; Thal., thalamus.