Table 2.
Evolution of lifestyle and dietary habits throughout the pregnancy
| At baseline | 24–28 GW | 36–38 GW | pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVOO, mL/day | ||||
| Control | 29±20 | 26±22 | 26±19 | 0.020 |
| Intervention | 28±24 | 32±21 | 37±25 | 0.001 |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | 1 (−2 to 4) | −6 (−8 to −2) | −11 (−16 to −6) | |
| pb | 0.534 | 0.001 | 0.0001 | |
| Pistacho/Nuts, day/week | ||||
| Control | 1.5±2.2 | 1.4±2.2 | 1.9±2.5 | 0.128 |
| Intervention | 1.3±2.1 | 3.9±2.7 | 3.1±2.8 | 0.001 |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) | −2.5 (−2.9 to −2.1) | −1.2 (−1.8 to −0.6) | |
| pb | 0.381 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
| Nutrition Score | ||||
| Control | 0.54±3.16 | 1.09±3.29 | 2.32±3.26 | 0.001 |
| Intervention | 0.22±3.25 | 4.18±3.34 | 4.65±3.44 | 0.001 |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | 0.3 (−0.2 to 0.8) | −3.1 (−3.6 to −2.6) | −2.3 (−3.1 to −1.6) | |
| pb | 0.193 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
| MEDAS Score | ||||
| Control | 4.83±1.76 | 5.83±1.63 | 6.21±1.60 | 0.001 |
| Intervention | 4.97±1.71 | 7.46±1.61 | 7.52±1.77 | 0.001 |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | −1.6 (−1.9 to −1.4) | −1.3 (−1.7 to −1.0) | |
| pb | 0.293 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
| Hydroxytyrosol, µg/L | ||||
| Control | 32.6±39.8 | 30.3±21.2 | NA | |
| Intervention | 31.0±27.2 | 121.2±40.8 | NA | |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | 1.6 (−11.6 to 14.8) | −91 (−106 to −76) | ||
| pb | 0.809 | 0.001 | ||
| Gamma-tocopherol, nmol/L | ||||
| Control | 196.5±58.5 | 121.3±104.1 | NA | |
| Intervention | 205.4 | 297.3±64.4 | NA | |
| Mean differences (95% CI) | −8.9 (−50.7 to 33.0) | −176 (−235 to −117) | ||
| pb | 0.699 | 0.001 | ||
| Physical Activity Score >0 | ||||
| Control | 46 (12.4) | 24 (7.1) | 7 (2.0) | 0.001 |
| Intervention | 34 (9.4) | 25 (6.9) | 29 (8.1) | 0.001 |
| pb | 0.142 | 0.568 | 0.189 |
Data are mean ± SD or number (%).
pa denote differences within each group compared to baseline (ANOVA).
pb denote differences between groups at different stages of pregnancy (t test).
Changes, differences at 24–28 GW and 36–38 GW in relation to baseline.
MEDAS Score, 14-point MEDAS. Physical Activity. Score ≥0, walking daily (>5 days/week); score 0, at least 30 min; score +1, if >60 min; score −1, if >30 min. Climbing stairs (floors/day, >5 days a week); score 0, between 4 and 16; and score +1, >16; score −1: <4.
GW, gestational weeks; EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MEDAS, Mediterranean diet adherence screener; NA, no applicable.