Table 3.

Maternal pregnancy clinical and laboratory data groups

	Control group	Intervention group	Mean differences (95% CI)	p value
Maternal outcomes
75 g–OGTT 24–28 GW
FBG, mg/dL	83.6±4.8	82.2±4.6	1.4 (0.6 to 2.4)	0.001
1 h Blood glucose, mg/dL	117.6±26.9	118.2±25.5	−0.6 (−4.5 to 3.3)	0.754
2 h Blood glucose, mg/dL	104.1±20.7	102.6±19.6	1.6 (−1.5 to 4.6)	0.3.13
HbA1c (% [mmol/mol]) 24–28 GW	5.0±0.3 (31±3)	4.9±0.3 (30±3)	0.09 (0.05 to 0.15)	0.000
HbA1c (%) 36–38 GW	5.3±0.3 (34±3)	5.2±0.3 (33±3)	0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)	0.002
FBG 36–38 GW, mg/dL	76.2±7.1	74.1±7.6	2.1 (0.5 to 3.6)	0.009
Fasting serum insulin, µUI/mL
24–28 GW	9.2±8.7	8.7±4.3	0.5 (−0.5 to 1.6)	0.291
36–38 GW	10.5±10.6	9.9±10.3	0.5 (−1.6 to 2.7)	0.627
HOMA-IR
24–28 GW	2.0±1.0	1.9±2.0	0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3)	0.395
36–38 GW	2.2±3.0	2.1±2.5	0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7)	0.655
Cholesterol, mg/dL
24–28 GW	247±46	250±43	−3.5 (−10.7 to 3.7)	0.339
36–38 GW	281±46	272±55	8.4 (−2.5 to 19.3)	0.132
Triglycerides, mg/dL
24–28 GW	157±57	156±52	0.3 (−8.7 to 9.3)	0.947
36–38 GW	232±78	226±80	6.5 (−10 to 23)	0.439
TSH, µUI/ml
24–28 GW	2.01±1.16	2.04±1.14	−0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2)	0.773
36–38 GW	1.56±1.02	1.60±0.86	−0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2)	0.722
Body weight, kg
24–28 GW	68.1±11.4	66.3±9.6	1.8 (0.2 to 3.4)	0.025
36–38 GW	72.8±11.8	71.7±10.0	1.1 (−1.1 to 3.1)	0.345
Weight gain (kg) 12 GW to 36–38 GW	10.29±3.97	10.68±4.63	−0.4 (−1.3 to 0.5)	0.381
EWG	90 (26.7)	99 (27.5)
AWG	239 (70.9)	249 (69.2)		0.713*
IWG	8 (2.4)	12 (3.3)
Systolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW	103±11	105±11	−1.5 (−3.2 to 0.3)	0.097
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW	63±9	63±8	−0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6)	0.279
Systolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW	112±14	113±12	−0.9 (−3.5 to 1.8)	0.517
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW	72±8	74±9	−1.7 (−3.7 to 0.1)	0.068

^*χ² test performed for analysis of categorical variables.

OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GW, gestational weeks; BP, blood pressure; EWG, excessive weight gain; AWG, adequate weight gain; IWG, insufficient weight gain; HbA_1c, glycated haemoglobin.