Table 3.
Control group | Intervention group | Mean differences (95% CI) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal outcomes | ||||
75 g–OGTT 24–28 GW | ||||
FBG, mg/dL | 83.6±4.8 | 82.2±4.6 | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.4) | 0.001 |
1 h Blood glucose, mg/dL | 117.6±26.9 | 118.2±25.5 | −0.6 (−4.5 to 3.3) | 0.754 |
2 h Blood glucose, mg/dL | 104.1±20.7 | 102.6±19.6 | 1.6 (−1.5 to 4.6) | 0.3.13 |
HbA1c (% [mmol/mol]) 24–28 GW | 5.0±0.3 (31±3) | 4.9±0.3 (30±3) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.15) | 0.000 |
HbA1c (%) 36–38 GW | 5.3±0.3 (34±3) | 5.2±0.3 (33±3) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) | 0.002 |
FBG 36–38 GW, mg/dL | 76.2±7.1 | 74.1±7.6 | 2.1 (0.5 to 3.6) | 0.009 |
Fasting serum insulin, µUI/mL | ||||
24–28 GW | 9.2±8.7 | 8.7±4.3 | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.6) | 0.291 |
36–38 GW | 10.5±10.6 | 9.9±10.3 | 0.5 (−1.6 to 2.7) | 0.627 |
HOMA-IR | ||||
24–28 GW | 2.0±1.0 | 1.9±2.0 | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.395 |
36–38 GW | 2.2±3.0 | 2.1±2.5 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.655 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
24–28 GW | 247±46 | 250±43 | −3.5 (−10.7 to 3.7) | 0.339 |
36–38 GW | 281±46 | 272±55 | 8.4 (−2.5 to 19.3) | 0.132 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | ||||
24–28 GW | 157±57 | 156±52 | 0.3 (−8.7 to 9.3) | 0.947 |
36–38 GW | 232±78 | 226±80 | 6.5 (−10 to 23) | 0.439 |
TSH, µUI/ml | ||||
24–28 GW | 2.01±1.16 | 2.04±1.14 | −0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.773 |
36–38 GW | 1.56±1.02 | 1.60±0.86 | −0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.722 |
Body weight, kg | ||||
24–28 GW | 68.1±11.4 | 66.3±9.6 | 1.8 (0.2 to 3.4) | 0.025 |
36–38 GW | 72.8±11.8 | 71.7±10.0 | 1.1 (−1.1 to 3.1) | 0.345 |
Weight gain (kg) 12 GW to 36–38 GW | 10.29±3.97 | 10.68±4.63 | −0.4 (−1.3 to 0.5) | 0.381 |
EWG | 90 (26.7) | 99 (27.5) | ||
AWG | 239 (70.9) | 249 (69.2) | 0.713* | |
IWG | 8 (2.4) | 12 (3.3) | ||
Systolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW | 103±11 | 105±11 | −1.5 (−3.2 to 0.3) | 0.097 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW | 63±9 | 63±8 | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6) | 0.279 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW | 112±14 | 113±12 | −0.9 (−3.5 to 1.8) | 0.517 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW | 72±8 | 74±9 | −1.7 (−3.7 to 0.1) | 0.068 |
χ2 test performed for analysis of categorical variables.
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GW, gestational weeks; BP, blood pressure; EWG, excessive weight gain; AWG, adequate weight gain; IWG, insufficient weight gain; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.