Table 1.

Age-adjusted geometric means of variables by participant characteristic

	Blood lead (n = 2,387)		Blood cadmium (n = 2,387)
Variable	µg/dL (95% CI)a	p valueb	µg/L (95% CI)a	p valueb
Total	2.46 (2.41–2.52)		1.02 (0.99–1.05)
Age (years)
19–39	2.07 (2.02–2.13)	<0.001	0.85 (0.81–0.89)	<0.001
40–59	2.72 (2.64–2.80)		1.13 (1.09–1.18)
≥60	2.90 (2.74–3.06)		1.20 (1.13–1.28)
Sex
Male	2.56 (2.52–2.61)	<0.001	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	<0.001
Female	1.93 (1.82–2.05)		1.13 (1.05–1.22)
Monthly income
Low	2.37 (2.24–2.50)	0.195	1.11 (1.02–1.20)	0.129
Low-middle	2.52 (2.44–2.60)		1.01 (0.96–1.06)
High-middle	2.44 (2.35–2.53)		0.99 (0.94–1.04)
High	2.49 (2.40–2.58)		1.01 (0.97–1.06)
Education level
<High school	2.49 (2.37–2.63)	<0.001	1.07 (1.00–1.14)	<0.001
High school	2.58 (2.49–2.67)		1.11 (1.06–1.15)
>High school	2.36 (2.30–2.42)		0.93 (0.89–0.97)
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	2.28 (2.22–2.35)	<0.001	0.81 (0.78–0.84)	<0.001
Past smoker	2.30 (2.11–2.50)		0.88 (0.78–1.00)
Current smoker	2.65 (2.58–2.73)		1.27 (1.23–1.31)
BMI
<25	2.42 (2.36–2.49)	0.012	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	0.509
25–30	2.56 (2.49–2.63)		1.02 (0.98–1.06)
≥30	2.44 (2.28–2.60)		1.10 (0.96–1.25)
Occupational noise exposure
No	2.41 (2.36–2.47)	<0.001	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.003
Yes	2.70 (2.59–2.82)		1.11 (1.04–1.17)
Loud noise exposure
No	2.46 (2.41–2.51)	0.451	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	0.869
Yes	2.59 (2.27–2.94)		1.03 (0.86–1.24)
Firearm noise exposure
No	2.42 (2.36–2.49)	0.026	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	0.806
Yes	2.53 (2.46–2.60)		1.02 (0.98–1.07)
Current diagnosis of hypertension
Normal	2.37 (2.29–2.44)	0.002	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	0.095
Prehypertension	2.55 (2.46–2.64)		1.02 (0.97–1.07)
Hypertension Current diagnosis of diabetes	2.55 (2.46–2.65)		1.07 (1.01–1.12)
Normal	2.45 (2.39–2.51)	0.101	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.268
Impaired fasting glucose	2.56 (2.46–2.67)		1.06 (1.01–1.12)
Diabetes	2.37 (2.21–2.55)		0.99 (0.91–1.09)

^aAge-adjusted value, except for age groups.

^bt test or Wald F test.