Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals* for association between pesticide exposure and all cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combined and those with intellectual disability comorbidity, coadjusted for developmental period of pesticide exposure, by pesticide substance
| Pesticide substance | ASD (all) | ASD with intellectual disability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 months before pregnancy | Pregnancy | First year of life | 3 months before pregnancy | Pregnancy | First year of life | ||
| Glyphosate† | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.26) | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.26) | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.40) | 1.60 (1.09 to 2.34) | |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.29) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.18) | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.00) | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.59) | 1.30 (0.96 to 1.76) | |
| Diazinon | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.28) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.11) | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.13) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.54) | 1.45 (1.11 to 1.89) | |
| Acephate | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.30) | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | 1.40 (0.97 to 2.03) | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.50) | 1.10 (0.80 to 1.50) | |
| Malathion | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.20) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.03) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.37) | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.65) | |
| Permethrin | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.39) | 1.24 (0.95 to 1.62) | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.59) | |
| Bifenthrin | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.26) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 1.18 (0.85 to 1.64) | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.22) | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.72) | |
| Methyl bromide | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.19) | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.31) | 1.20 (0.92 to 1.57) | 1.21 (0.94 to 1.57) | |
| Imidacloprid | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.33) | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.14) | 1.08 (0.84 to 1.39) | |
| Avermectin | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.26) | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.41) | |
| Myclobutanil | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.17) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | 1.23 (0.95 to 1.58) | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.41) | |
Logistic regression; adjusted for year of birth, sex, maternal race or ethnicity, maternal age, maternal education, and NOx (CALINE4) as a marker of traffic related air pollution, and simultaneously for exposures three months before pregnancy (just before or around conception), during pregnancy, and during the first year of life; pesticide exposure defined as ever versus never to specific substance in considered developmental period.
Glyphosate compounds include glyphosate isopropylamine salt, glyphosate potassium salt, glyphosate monoammonium salt, glyphosate diammonium salt, glyphosate trimesium, and glyphosate dimethylamine salt.