Table 5.
Multi-pesticide models of association among all cases of autism spectrum disorder combined and those with intellectual disability comorbidity, and exposure of selected pesticides from different chemical classes during pregnancy and the first year of life*
| Mutually adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cases of autism spectrum disorder (exposure during pregnancy) | |||||
| Permethrin | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | — | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | — | — |
| Glyphosate† | — | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.23) | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.29) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.26) |
| Myclobutanil | — | — | — | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | — |
| Methyl bromide | — | — | — | — | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) |
| Autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability (exposure during pregnancy) | |||||
| Permethrin | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.73) | 1.39 (1.13 to 1.72) | 1.37 (1.10 to 1.70) | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.67) | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.68) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.40) | — | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.37) | — | — |
| Glyphosate† | — | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.50) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.51) | 1.08 (0.82 to 1.43) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.45) |
| Myclobutanil | — | — | — | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.46) | — |
| Methyl bromide | — | — | — | — | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.48) |
| Autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability (exposure in the first year of life) | |||||
| Permethrin | 1.36 (1.10 to 1.69) | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.62) | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.63) | 1.30 (1.05 to 1.61) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.59) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.44) | — | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.31) | — | — |
| Glyphosate† | — | 1.34 (1.03 to 1.74) | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.81) | 1.31 (0.99 to 1.74) | 1.29 (0.98 to 1.68) |
| Myclobutanil | — | — | — | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.30) | — |
| Methyl bromide | — | — | — | — | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.44) |
*
Adjusted for year of birth, sex, maternal race or ethnicity, maternal age, maternal education, and NOx (CALINE4) as a marker of traffic related air pollution; pesticide exposure defined as ever versus never to specific substance in considered developmental period.
†
Glyphosate compounds include glyphosate isopropylamine salt, glyphosate potassium salt, glyphosate monoammonium salt, glyphosate diammonium salt, glyphosate trimesium, and glyphosate dimethylamine salt.