Figure 1.

(a) An illustration of how the structure of the orthographic-semantic (O-S) mapping was manipulated. Each semantic radical was embedded in 5 words. Each column lists five exemplars of a semantic category. Thus, pairing the words containing a particular radical with the meanings listed in its respective column results in a consistent O-S mapping. In contrast, pairing forms and meaning by row results in an inconsistent mapping. (b) Orthographic-phonological (O-P) mappings were constructed in the same way. Phonlogical categories (defined by the identity of the second syllable) are organized by columns. Pairing the words containing a particular radical with the pronounciations listed in its respective column results in a consistent O-P mapping. In contrast, pairing forms and meaning by row results in a inconsistent mapping.