Table 7.

Family environment characteristics through FES scores (means, SDs, SEM, and number and percentage of participants in different benchmark ranges)

	Mean ± SD	SEM	Low presence (1–4)	Average presence (5–6)	High presence (7–9)
Family Relationship Index
Cohesion	3.03 ± 2.49	0.44	24 (77.4%)	4 (12.9%)	3 (9.7%)
Expressivity	4.06 ± 2.04	0.36	20 (64.5%)	7 (22.6%)	4 (12.9%)
Conflict	5.13 ± 1.80	0.32	11 (35.5%)	11 (35.5%)	9 (29.0%)
Personal Growth Index
Independence	4.48 ± 1.87	0.33	13 (41.9%)	14 (45.2%)	4 (12.9%)
Achievement	4.81 ± 1.88	0.33	17 (54.8%)	7 (22.6%)	7 (22.6%)
Intellectual-cultural	2.81 ± 1.55	0.28	26 (83.9%)	5 (16.1%)	0 (0%)
Active-recreational	2.84 ± 1.26	0.22	29 (93.5%)	2 (6.5%)	0 (0%)
Moral-religious	2.32 ± 1.37	0.24	29 (93.5%)	2 (6.5%)	0 (0%)
System Maintenance Index
Organization	4.68 ± 2.05	0.36	17 (54.8%)	6 (19.4%)	3 (9.7%)
Control	5.55 ± 1.84	0.33	13 (41.9%)	11 (35.5%)	9 (29.1%)

Note. SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of measurement; FES: Family Environment Scale.