Table 1.
Comparison between clusters in sociodemographic and clinical measures
| Total (n = 280) | C1 (n = 82) | C2 (n = 142) | C3 (n = 56) | Cluster | Pairwise comparisons (p) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical indicators | N | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | p | C1–C2 | C1–C3 | C2–C3 | ||
| *Education | Primary | 168 | 60.0 | 51 | 62.2 | 93 | 65.5 | 24 | 42.9 | .061 | .787 | .078 | .014 | |
| Secondary | 91 | 32.5 | 26 | 31.7 | 39 | 27.5 | 26 | 46.4 | ||||||
| University | 21 | 7.5 | 5 | 6.1 | 10 | 7.0 | 6 | 10.7 | ||||||
| *Civil status | Single | 109 | 38.9 | 26 | 31.7 | 71 | 50.0 | 12 | 21.4 | <.001 | .013 | .016 | <.001 | |
| Married | 113 | 40.4 | 31 | 37.8 | 47 | 33.1 | 35 | 62.5 | ||||||
| Divorced/widow | 58 | 20.7 | 25 | 30.5 | 24 | 16.9 | 9 | 16.1 | ||||||
| *Employed | Yes | 135 | 48.2 | 39 | 47.6 | 62 | 43.7 | 34 | 60.7 | .096 | .572 | .128 | .031 | |
| Origin | Spanish | 254 | 90.7 | 73 | 89.0 | 134 | 94.4 | 47 | 83.9 | .061 | .146 | .383 | .018 | |
| Tobacco use | Yes | 152 | 54.3 | 48 | 58.5 | 81 | 57.0 | 23 | 41.1 | .083 | .827 | .044 | .043 | |
| Quantitative indicators | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | C1–C2 | C1–C3 | C2–C3 | ||
| *Age (years) | 49.64 | 12.37 | 48.24 | 10.00 | 50.51 | 13.37 | 49.48 | 12.90 | .416 | .187 | .564 | .598 | ||
| *GD onset (years) | 44.72 | 12.44 | 42.61 | 10.16 | 45.67 | 13.68 | 45.37 | 11.99 | .189 | .077 | .201 | .879 | ||
| *Duration (years) | 12.60 | 9.59 | 12.86 | 9.50 | 12.37 | 9.30 | 12.81 | 10.58 | .919 | .712 | .974 | .773 | ||
| Mean bets-episode | 76.10 | 111.5 | 76.90 | 110.6 | 70.90 | 113.8 | 88.10 | 107.8 | .620 | .698 | .564 | .330 | ||
| Cumulated debts | 8,647.7 | 18,989.5 | 7,555.7 | 14,280.8 | 7,881.3 | 16,474.8 | 12,189.9 | 28,583.2 | .295 | .902 | .160 | .151 | ||
| *SOGS-total | α = .82 | 11.53 | 3.16 | 12.87 | 3.08 | 11.28 | 2.85 | 10.21 | 3.33 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .026 | |
| DSM-5 total | α = .80 | 7.02 | 1.80 | 7.78 | 1.50 | 7.01 | 1.66 | 5.93 | 2.03 | <.001 | .001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: somatization | α = .91 | 1.61 | 0.89 | 2.57 | 0.74 | 1.45 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.48 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: obsessive–compulsive | α = .88 | 1.52 | 0.83 | 2.35 | 0.72 | 1.43 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.41 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: interpersonal sensitivity | α = .87 | 1.40 | 0.87 | 2.39 | 0.68 | 1.23 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.31 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: depressive | α = .91 | 2.16 | 0.92 | 3.13 | 0.55 | 2.10 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.53 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: anxiety | α = .90 | 1.52 | 0.91 | 2.58 | 0.73 | 1.33 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.33 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: hostility | α = .83 | 1.04 | 0.85 | 1.97 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.39 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: phobic anxiety | α = .86 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 1.75 | 1.01 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.24 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: paranoia | α = .74 | 1.22 | 0.80 | 2.05 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.34 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: psychotic | α = .86 | 1.15 | 0.78 | 2.08 | 0.61 | 0.96 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.25 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: GSI index | α = .98 | 1.49 | 0.75 | 2.44 | 0.45 | 1.32 | 0.20 | 0.51 | 0.27 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: PST index | α = .98 | 53.39 | 20.98 | 75.24 | 9.17 | 50.12 | 15.34 | 29.66 | 13.89 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *SCL-90-R: PSDI index | α = .98 | 2.28 | 0.62 | 2.93 | 0.47 | 2.21 | 0.32 | 1.53 | 0.40 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *TCI-R: novelty seeking | α = .70 | 110.33 | 12.70 | 112.38 | 13.83 | 110.24 | 11.29 | 107.55 | 13.99 | .090 | .223 | .028 | .179 | |
| *TCI-R: harm avoidance | α = .81 | 108.73 | 15.95 | 116.65 | 15.45 | 108.49 | 13.14 | 97.73 | 16.76 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *TCI-R: reward dependence | α = .72 | 102.87 | 12.69 | 102.59 | 14.54 | 103.12 | 10.75 | 102.64 | 14.47 | .945 | .763 | .979 | .813 | |
| *TCI-R: persistence | α = .84 | 104.61 | 17.17 | 107.06 | 19.27 | 103.18 | 15.06 | 104.64 | 18.78 | .265 | .104 | .417 | .588 | |
| *TCI-R: self-directedness | α = .82 | 118.79 | 18.25 | 107.22 | 16.73 | 118.39 | 13.59 | 136.77 | 16.60 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| *TCI-R: cooperativeness | α = .78 | 134.63 | 13.96 | 132.06 | 16.99 | 134.65 | 11.32 | 138.36 | 14.51 | .033 | .179 | .009 | .090 | |
| *TCI-R: self-transcendence | α = .84 | 70.28 | 14.52 | 74.76 | 16.56 | 68.79 | 11.85 | 67.52 | 16.21 | .003 | .003 | .004 | .573 | |
Note. Bold values represent significant comparison (.05 level). SD: standard deviation; α: Cronbach’s α in the study sample; SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist – Revised; SCL-90-R: GSI: global severity index; SCL-90-R: PST: positive symptom total; SCL-90-R: PSDI: Positive Symptom Distress Index; TCI-R: Temperament and Character Inventory – Revised; DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SOGS: South Oaks Gambling Screen; GD: gambling disorder.
*
Variable used as indicator in the clustering process.