Table 1.
Attrition analysis and participants’ characteristics in the longitudinal sample
| Baseline | Participants in the longitudinal sample | Participants without depression at baseline | Participants without OSNA at baseline | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | p* | Non-OSNA | OSNA | p* | Non-depressed | Depressed | p* | ||
| Total | 5,365 | 4,237 | 1,128 | – | 2,922 | 274 | – | 2,922 | 735 | – |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 2,533 (47.2) | 2,105 (49.7) | 727 (64.4) | <.001 | 1,464 (50.1) | 164 (59.8) | .002 | 1,464 (50.1) | 309 (42.0) | <.001 |
| Female | 2,832 (52.8) | 2,132 (50.3) | 401 (35.6) | 1,458 (49.9) | 110 (40.2) | 1,458 (49.9) | 426 (58.0) | |||
| Grade | ||||||||||
| Seven | 2,592 (48.3) | 2,011 (47.5) | 581 (51.5) | .016 | 1,418 (48.5) | 131 (47.8) | .820 | 1,418 (48.5) | 337 (45.9) | .194 |
| Eight | 2,773 (51.7) | 2,226 (52.5) | 547 (48.5) | 1,504 (51.5) | 143 (52.2) | 1,504 (51.5) | 398 (54.2) | |||
| Father’s education level | ||||||||||
| Primary school or below | 356 (6.6) | 273 (6.4) | 83 (7.4) | .376 | 165 (5.7) | 21 (7.7) | .049 | 165 (5.7) | 61 (8.3) | .010 |
| Junior secondary school | 1,816 (33.9) | 1,425 (33.6) | 391 (34.7) | 958 (32.8) | 108 (39.4) | 958 (32.8) | 259 (35.2) | |||
| Senior secondary school | 1,646 (30.7) | 1,312 (31.0) | 334 (29.6) | 911 (31.2) | 79 (28.8) | 911 (31.2) | 230 (31.3) | |||
| College or above | 1,317 (24.5) | 1,053 (24.9) | 264 (23.4) | 763 (26.1) | 54 (6.6) | 763 (26.1) | 159 (21.6) | |||
| Don’t know | 230 (4.3) | 174 (4.1) | 56 (5.0) | 125 (4.3) | 12 (4.4) | 125 (4.3) | 26 (3.5) | |||
| Mother’s education level | ||||||||||
| Primary school or below | 588 (11.0) | 445 (10.5) | 143 (12.7) | .144 | 267 (9.1) | 35 (12.8) | .108 | 267 (9.1) | 103 (14.0) | <.001 |
| Junior secondary school | 1,909 (35.6) | 1,507 (35.6) | 402 (35.6) | 1,030 (35.3) | 108 (39.4) | 1,030 (35.3) | 274 (37.3) | |||
| Senior secondary school | 1,497 (27.9) | 1,199 (28.3) | 298 (26.4) | 860 (29.4) | 71 (25.9) | 860 (29.4) | 180 (24.5) | |||
| College or above | 1,143 (21.3) | 913 (21.6) | 230 (20.4) | 634 (21.7) | 50 (18.3) | 634 (21.7) | 156 (21.2) | |||
| Don’t know | 228 (4.3) | 173 (4.1) | 55 (4.9) | 131 (4.5) | 10 (3.6) | 131 (4.5) | 22 (3.0) | |||
| Family financial situation | ||||||||||
| Very good/good | 2,519 (47.0) | 2,047 (48.3) | 472 (41.8) | <.001 | 1,495 (51.2) | 123 (44.9) | .115 | 1,495 (51.2) | 300 (40.8) | <.001 |
| Average | 2,664 (49.6) | 2,072 (48.9) | 592 (52.5) | 1,366 (46.7) | 143 (52.2) | 1,366 (46.8) | 405 (55.1) | |||
| Poor/very poor | 182 (3.4) | 118 (2.8) | 64 (5.7) | 61 (2.1) | 8 (8.6) | 61 (2.1) | 30 (4.1) | |||
| Lives with both parents | ||||||||||
| No | 4,712 (87.8) | 490 (11.6) | 163 (14.4) | .008 | 312 (10.7) | 30 (11.0) | .890 | 312 (10.7) | 107 (14.6) | .003 |
| Yes | 653 (12.2) | 3,747 (88.4) | 965 (85.6) | 2,610 (89.3) | 244 (89.0) | 2,610 (89.3) | 628 (85.4) | |||
| Academic performance | ||||||||||
| Upper | 1,817 (33.9) | 1,465 (34.6) | 223 (19.8) | .276 | 1,142 (39.1) | 51 (18.6) | <.001 | 1,142 (39.1) | 205 (27.9) | <.001 |
| Medium | 2,396 (44.6) | 1,920 (45.3) | 619 (54.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 134 (48.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 347 (47.2) | |||
| Lower | 1,152 (21.5) | 490 (20.1) | 286 (25.4) | 474 (16.2) | 89 (32.5) | 474 (16.2) | 183 (24.9) | |||
| Perceived study pressure | ||||||||||
| Nil/light | 1,034 (19.3) | 811 (19.1) | 352 (31.2) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 31 (11.3) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 78 (10.6) | <.001 |
| General | 3,052 (56.9) | 2,433 (57.4) | 476 (42.2) | 1,769 (60.5) | 172 (62.8) | 1,769 (60.5) | 359 (48.8) | |||
| Heavy/very heavy | 1,279 (23.8) | 993 (23.4) | 300 (26.6) | 486 (16.6) | 71 (25.9) | 486 (16.6) | 298 (40.5) | |||
Note. Data are shown as n (%). OSNA: online social networking addiction; CES-D: Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression; –: not applicable.
*
p values were obtained using χ2 test.