Table 2.
Univariate associations between background covariates and incidence of depression/OSNA
| Incidence of depression | Incidence of OSNA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) (n = 515) | ORu (95% CI) | p | n (%) (n = 335) | ORu (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 249 (15.9) | 1 | 168 (8.9) | 1 | ||
| Female | 266 (16.3) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | .641 | 167 (9.4) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | .573 |
| Grade | ||||||
| Seven | 250 (16.1) | 1 | 160 (9.1) | 1 | ||
| Eight | 265 (16.1) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | .977 | 175 (9.2) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | .977 |
| Father’s education level | ||||||
| Primary school or below | 32 (17.2) | 1 | 26 (11.5) | 1 | ||
| Secondary middle school | 190 (17.8) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.59) | .827 | 116 (9.5) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | .377 |
| High middle school | 139 (14.0) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.23) | .317 | 93 (8.2) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | .090 |
| University or above | 129 (15.8) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) | .705 | 86 (9.3) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) | .310 |
| Don’t know | 25 (18.3) | 1.14 (0.63, 2.04) | .666 | 14 (9.3) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.59) | .516 |
| Mother’s education level | ||||||
| Primary school or below | 47 (15.6) | 1 | 31 (8.4) | 1 | ||
| Secondary middle school | 196 (17.2) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) | .424 | 118 (9.1) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | .621 |
| High middle school | 141 (15.2) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) | .939 | 109 (10.5) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) | .257 |
| University or above | 105 (15.4) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | .861 | 64 (8.1) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.53) | .891 |
| Don’t know | 26 (18.4) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) | .310 | 13 (8.5) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) | .940 |
| Family financial situation | ||||||
| Very good/good | 229 (14.2) | 1 | 145 (8.1) | 1 | ||
| Average | 269 (17.8) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) | .006 | 172 (9.7) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | .105 |
| Poor/very poor | 17 (24.6) | 1.98 (1.12, 3.49) | .019 | 18 (19.8) | 2.76 (1.60, 4.76) | <.001 |
| Lives with both parents | ||||||
| No | 64 (18.7) | 1 | 54 (12.9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 451 (15.8) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) | .135 | 281 (8.7) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) | .008 |
| Academic performance | ||||||
| Upper | 169 (14.2) | 1 | 109 (8.1) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 226 (15.7) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | .254 | 145 (8.8) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | .488 |
| Lower | 120 (21.3) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | <.001 | 81 (12.3) | 1.61 (1.19, 2.19) | .002 |
| Perceived study pressure | ||||||
| Nil/light | 96 (13.8) | 1 | 59 (7.9) | 1 | ||
| Average | 305 (15.7) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | .253 | 178 (8.4) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | .735 |
| Heavy/very heavy | 114 (20.5) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.20) | .002 | 96 (12.5) | 1.65 (1.17, 2.32) | .004 |
Note. OSNA: online social networking addiction; ORu: univariate odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, obtained by the univariate logistic regression models.