Aoki 1984.

Methods	R, DB, PC, AC, parallel groups Gel applied to affected area 3 or 4 times daily, with no occlusion for 7 days Assessment at baseline, 3, 7 days
Participants	Acute orthopaedic trauma (contusion, distortion, fracture, < 7 days) N = 252 (203 analysed for efficacy) M 98, F 105 Age range 8 to 86 years, 13% younger than 20 years Baseline pain mild in 35% Exclusions: 23 protocol violations, 26 reasons "not related" to drug. Equally distributed between groups
Interventions	Piroxicam gel 0.5%, 1 g 3 to 4 x daily, n = 84 Indomethacin gel 1%, 1 g 3 to 4 x daily, n = 84 Placebo gel, n = 84 No other medication or initiation of physical therapy allowed
Outcomes	PGE: 5‐point scale (responder = "better" and "much better") Adverse events Withdrawals and exclusions
Notes	Oxford Quality Score: R1, DB2, W1. Total = 4/5
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"key code sealed until end of study"
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Gels in "identical tubes"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	> 10% withdrawals "unrelated to treatment" and for "protocol violations". No further details, but no significant differences between groups
Size	Unclear risk	50 to 200 participants per treatment group