Ramesh 1983.

Methods	R, DB, PC, parallel groups Cream applied to painful area and rubbed into skin over a large area for up to 10 days Assessment at baseline, 3, 7, 10 days
Participants	Strains, sprains, contusions, compressions N = 80 M 42, F 38 Age 11 to 81 years Baseline pain: 5 ibuprofen, 2 placebo participants had no or slight pain
Interventions	Ibuprofen cream 5%, 3 to 4 x 5 to 10 cm daily, n = 40 Placebo cream, 3 to 4 x 5 to 10 cm daily, n = 40 Adjuvant therapy was not administered
Outcomes	Pain on movement: 4‐point scale (responder = "none" or "slight") Adverse events Withdrawals
Notes	Oxford Quality Score: R1, DB2, W1. Total = 4/5
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation key in sealed envelope, available for emergencies, but opened only after completion
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"identical appearance and odour"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All participants included in analysis
Size	High risk	< 50 participants per treatment arm