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. 2015 Jun 15;2015(6):CD007402. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007402.pub3

Ramesh 1983.

Methods R, DB, PC, parallel groups
Cream applied to painful area and rubbed into skin over a large area for up to 10 days
Assessment at baseline, 3, 7, 10 days
Participants Strains, sprains, contusions, compressions
N = 80
M 42, F 38
Age 11 to 81 years
Baseline pain: 5 ibuprofen, 2 placebo participants had no or slight pain
Interventions Ibuprofen cream 5%, 3 to 4 x 5 to 10 cm daily, n = 40
Placebo cream, 3 to 4 x 5 to 10 cm daily, n = 40
Adjuvant therapy was not administered
Outcomes Pain on movement: 4‐point scale (responder = "none" or "slight")
Adverse events
Withdrawals
Notes Oxford Quality Score: R1, DB2, W1. Total = 4/5
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Unclear risk Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk Randomisation key in sealed envelope, available for emergencies, but opened only after completion
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk "identical appearance and odour"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk All participants included in analysis
Size High risk < 50 participants per treatment arm