Fig. 3. Changes in plankton due to decline of planktivorous cutthroat trout.

Between 1977–1980 (before lake trout introduction), 2004 (10 years after lake trout were found), and 2016–2017 (>20 years later), the biomass of (A) small zooplankton (L. ashlandi, Diacyclops, and nauplii) declined and (B) large zooplankton (D. pulicaria, D. schødleri, and H. shoshone) increased. (C) Chlorophyll a concentration, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass, was more than two times higher in 1972 (17) than in 2004 (16) or 2016–2017. Letters (a, b) indicate differences (P < 0.05) among means.