Table 2.

Strategies utilized and key outcomes measured by included interventions

	Intervention components								Adolescent and youth outcomes			Secondary population attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors	Normative change findings or results
	FLE	Peer education and support	Adol. safe spaces	SBCC	CGE	HSS	Capacity-building of user orgs	Policy and advocacy	RH knowledge, attitudes, skills, or intentions	Behavior change	Biological health outcomes
1. AYAa[9], [10], [11]		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	+	+		+	No explicit evaluation of norms. Implied change due to improved supportive ARH policies and support for ARH and YFHS among community members, parents, and AY.
2. GREAT [12], [13], [14], [15]			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		+	+		+	Improved gender-equitable norms among community members, parents, and AY
3. Geração Biz [16], [17]	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	+			0	No explicit evaluation of norms. Implied change among health providers due to improved quality and use of YFHS. Implied gender norms did not significantly change among AY.
4. Ishraq Program [18]		✓	✓		✓		✓	✓	+	+		+	Improved gender-equitable norms among participants, parents, and community leaders.
5. Kenya ARH Project [19], [20], [21]	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓			+	+		+	Improved parent-child discussions on SRH and norms related to discussing ARH topics among community members.
6. MEMA kwa Vijana [22], [23], [24]	✓				✓	✓			+	+	0	+	Improved norms related to discussing SRH with AY among teachers and health workers. Implied change due to increased community support for FLE for unmarried AY.
7. PRACHAR [19], [25], [26]	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	+	+	+	+	Improved norms to delay child marriage and childbearing among AY and support from parents.
8. Program H & Program M [27], [28]				✓	✓		✓	✓	+	+		+	Improved gender-equitable norms among community members and AY.
9. SASA! Raising Voices [29], [30], [31]				✓	✓		✓	✓	+	+		+	No explicit evaluation of norms. Implied improved gender-equitable and SRH norms related to GBV among community members and AY due to reduction in GBV and more equitable behaviors and attitudes among community members.
10. Sexto Sentido [32], [33], [34], [35]			✓	✓	✓		✓		+	+		+	Improved gender-equitable norms and norms related to sexuality among community members and AY
11. South Africa Regional SBC Communication Program [36], [37]			✓	✓	✓	✓			+	+		+	Improved gender and SRH norms related to gender equity, GBV, and HIV
12. Tostan [38], [39], [40]		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	+	+	+	+	Improved gender norms related to FGM to reduce FGM prevalence among community members and parents
13. YEAH [41], [42]			✓	✓	✓				+	0		+	Improved gender and RH norms related to IPV and HIV among community members and AY

Blank = not utilized or measured; + = positive significant change; 0 = no change in outcome.

FLE = curriculum-based reproductive health (RH) education for both in-school and out-of-school populations; Adol. safe spaces = any mention of the creation of a safe physical or emotional space for adolescents (both same-sex and mixed-sex groups) to congregate or discuss AYSRH topics; SBCC = individual-level counseling and education and mass media campaigns; CGE = activities to engage or mobilize communities in group dialogs and action to promote behavior and attitude changes [43]; HSS = strengthening of and community linkages to YFHS; policy and advocacy efforts = any efforts with government stakeholders to create enabling and supportive policies to support AYSRH and rights; RH knowledge, attitudes, skills, or intentions = changes in knowledge/attitudes/skills related to RH topics such as family planning methods, STI and HIV prevention, anatomy, and puberty; behavior change = changes in reported health behaviors such as family planning use, use of health services, partner violence, school attendance, early marriage rates, and couples communication, or decision-making; biological health outcomes = changes in rates of early pregnancies, STI prevalence, prevalence of female genital mutilation, and so forth; secondary population attitude/beliefs/behaviors = changes in attitudes or behaviors related to gender equity, gender-based violence, AYRH topics, parent-child communication, HIV stigma, early marriage and pregnancy, and so forth, among the secondary population.

ARH, adolescent reproductive health; AY = adolescents/youth; CBO = community-based organization; CGE = community group engagement; FGM = female genital mutilation; FLE = family life education; GBV = gender-based violence; HSS = health systems strengthening; IPV = intimate partner violence; SBCC = social and behavior change communication; SRH = sexual reproductive heath; YFHS = youth-friendly health services.

^aIntervention strategies varied across country programs. In Tanzania, the intervention included a component that integrated into livelihoods programs. In Uganda, the resource organization partnered with CBOs and religious institutions to implement various intervention strategies to support adolescents.