Table 5.
Odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) [ORs (95% CIs)] for birth defects by various demographic and lifestyle factors
| Variable | OR (95% CI) [logistic regression estimates] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable, unadjusted | p value | Multivariable, adjusted for other variables |
p value | |
| Age (per year) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 0.002 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Yes | 2.53 (1.58–4.06) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (1.24–4.44) | 0.004 |
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 1.0 (ref) | < 0.001 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.008 |
| Black | 0.37 (0.21–0.65) | 0.40 (0.21–0.79) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.57 (0.27–1.17) | 0.86 (0.36–2.04) | ||
| Asian | 0.68 (0.18–2.60) | 0.83 (0.25–1.55) | ||
| Other | 0.68 (0.18–2.60) | 0.80 (0.19–3.48) | ||
| Missing | 2.27 (1.11–4.62) | 3.42 (1.25–9.40) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| USA | 1.0 (ref) | 0.01 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.3 |
| UK | 2.28 (1.19–4.36) | 1.97 (0.85–4.57) | ||
| Canada | 1.89 (0.60–5.90) | 1.06 (0.22–5.03) | ||
| Other | 0.20 (0.02–1.65) | 0.24 (0.01–4.43) | ||
| Missing | 1.73 (0.90–3.35) | 1.69 (0.69–4.11) | ||
ref reference