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. 2019 Mar 21;9:5215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36847-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Emiliania huxleyi’s Photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum efficiency declines when infected with Phaeobacter inhibens. PSII maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of axenic E. huxleyi (white circles) and co-culture with P. inhibens (black circles). Cell permeable pan-caspase inhibitor added in vivo on 6 d at 20 µM z-VAD-(OMe)-fmk (black arrow), from that point on pan-caspase inhibited control E. huxleyi (light grey inverted triangles) and co-culture with P. inhibens (black inverted triangles) were also measured. Error bars = ±SE experimentally independent triplicate counts. An asterix (*) indicates that algal co-culture Fv/Fm is statistically different from the Fv/Fm of the non-inhibited algal control (Student’s T-test, p value < 0.001).