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. 2019 Mar 18;9:4728. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41176-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Genetic structure of Africa using mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide data. (A) Schematic African mtDNA tree, scaled using maximum likelihood and a time-dependent molecular clock for whole-mtDNA genomes (age estimates in black). Age estimates in blue in L0 were obtained using an ancient DNA calibration with BEAST. (B) Maximum-likelihood population tree and admixture events inferred by TreeMix, with five inferred migration edges. The colour of the migration arrows indicates different migration weights. The branch lengths are proportional to the extent of genetic drift that has occurred in each population.