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. 2019 Mar 20;9:4921. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41381-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-adhesive effects of CNT-incorporated PMMA against three different microorganisms. After microbial species (C. albicans, S. aureus, and S. mutans) were seeded on PMMA or CNT-PMMA for 1 h in artificial saliva, adherent microbes were cultured for specific incubation times (3–4 h) in microbial media. The attachment level of each species was determined by a PrestoBlue assay and normalized to that of CNT 0% (PMMA). Different letters indicate significant differences among them (n = 5, P < 0.05).