Table 3.
Associations between living arrangements (reference group: living with others) and quality of life (QoL) domains at region-of-significance threshold values of neighbourhood physical environmental attributes (moderators).
| Environmental Attribute | QoL Domain | Region-of-Significance Value of Environmental Moderator [% SRSV] | b (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civic and institutional density a | Environmental | ≤44.0 locations/km2 [23%] | −0.405 (−0.809, −0.000) * |
| Prevalence of non-food retail/services b | Environmental | ≤1.3 destinations/bf [14%] | −0.446 (−0.892, −0.000) * |
| Prevalence of food-related shops b | Environmental | ≤4.0 shops/bf [35%] | −0.441 (−0.821, −0.002) * |
| Prevalence of eating outlets b | Environmental | ≤1.4 outlets/bf [14%] | −0.443 (−0.884, −0.001) * |
| Prevalence of destinations for socialising b | Environmental | ≤0.8 destinations/bf [9%] | −0.446 (−0.892, 0.000) * |
| Prevalence of health clinics/services b | Environmental | ≤1.6 destinations/bf [35%] | −0.388 (−0.773, −0.004) * |
| ≥11.6 destinations/bf [8%] | 0.693 (0.004, 1.383) * | ||
| Number of parks b | Social | ≤0.9 parks/bf [13%] | −0.429 (−0.850, −0.008) * |
| ≥11.7 parks/bf [2%] | 1.176 (0.002, 2.351) * | ||
| Environmental | ≤1.3 parks/bf [25%] | −0.390 (−0.773, −0.006) * | |
| ≥10.2 parks/bf [2%] | 0.962 (0.000, 1.923) * | ||
| Park area a | Physical | ≥58.8 hectares [2%] | −0.913 (−1.825, −0.000) * |
| Activity types in park b | Psychological † | Minimum: 0 types [69%] | −0.392 (−0.880, 0.097) # |
| Maximum: 9 types [2%] | 1.289 (−0.101, 2.678) ‡ | ||
| Social | ≤0.8 types/bf [31%] | −0.412 (−0.810, −0.013) * | |
| ≥5.6 types/bf [3%] | 0.785 (0.001, 1.568) * | ||
| Environmental | ≤0.8 types/bf [31%] | −0.388 (−0.771, −0.006) * | |
| ≥7.3 types/bf [2%] | 1.026 (0.005, 2.046) * | ||
| Trees in park b | Environmental | ≤1.3 points [18%] | −0.419 (−0.822, −0.016) * |
| Paths in park b | Environmental | ≤0.7 points [14%] | −0.427 (−0.845, −0.008) * |
| Park aesthetics b | Environmental | ≤1.9 points [13%] | −0.427 (−0.834, -0.019) * |
| Greenery/natural sights b | Social | ≥51.8 points [3%] | −0.454 (−0.908, −0.000) * |
| Signs of crime/disorder b | Psychological | ≥2.0 points [7%] | 0.752 (0.013, 1.492) * |
Notes. b = regression coefficient; CI = confidence interval; % SRS = % of sample falling within the region of significance values. a based on extant geographic information systems data—measure computed using 800 m street-network residential buffers; b based on data from environmental audits—measure computed using 400 m crow-fly residential buffer. bf = buffer. † Given no region-of-significance found, estimates at minimum and maximum values of moderator are shown. All estimates adjusted for age, gender, educational attainment, household with car, marital status, housing type, area-level socio-economic status, type of recruitment centre, and number of current diagnosed health problems. “0.000” occurs due to rounding and does not equal to zero. Only significant (p < 0.05) interaction terms between living arrangements and specific neighbourhood environmental attributes are shown. * p = 0.050; # p = 0.116; ‡ p = 0.069.