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. 2019 Mar 11;19(5):1224. doi: 10.3390/s19051224

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) The Shoulder Elevation (SE) angle is highlighted. When the limb is leaning along the body, the chosen convention is SE = 0°. When the limb is elevated at shoulder height, as approximately in the figure, SE = 90°. (b) The Shoulder Rotation along the Vertical Axis (SA) angle is highlighted. When the limb is aligned on the line that links the shoulders, the chosen convention is SA = 0°. When the limb is frontally positioned (or elevated) at shoulder height, as approximately in the figure, SA = 90°. (c) The Elbow Extension angle (EE) is highlighted. When the forearm is completely flexed (arm and forearm aligned, and oriented inversely) the chosen convention is SE = 180° (human beings cannot reach such value). When the limb is fully extended, as approximately in the figure, EE = 0°.