Table 4.
Association between pet ownership and prevalence of poor emotional expression before and after propensity score matching (N = 31,453).
| Characteristics | Crude Model | Multivariate Model | PSM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pet ownership (ref: either parent or none) |
Owning a pet | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) * | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) * | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) * |
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Gender (ref: boy) | Girl | - | 0.79 (0.76, 0.83) ** | - |
| Ln (household income) a | Second quartile | - | 1.04 (0.93, 1.15) | - |
| (ref: first quartile) | Third quartile | - | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | - |
| Fourth quartile | - | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) ** | - | |
| Mother’s education | HS | - | 1.04 (0.93, 1.15) | - |
| (ref: <HS) | Some college | - | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | - |
| College+ | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | |||
| Father’s education | HS | - | 0.93 (0.85, 1.00) | - |
| (ref: <HS) | Some college | - | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | - |
| College+ | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) * | |||
| Mother’s employment status | Full-time | - | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) ** | - |
| (ref: not employed) | Part-time | - | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) ** | - |
| Self-employed | 0.79 (0.72, 0.87) ** | |||
| Others | - | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | - | |
| Residential environment | ||||
| (ref: residential area) | Surrounded by retail stores | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | ||
| Surrounded by plants | 1.15 (0.98, 1.36) | |||
| Rural area | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | |||
| No. of siblings | 1 | - | 0.94 (0.89, 0.98) * | - |
| (ref: 0) | 2+ | - | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) ** | - |
| Living arrangement (ref: not living with both parents) |
Both parents | - | 1.10 (0.97, 1.26) | - |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. PSM, propensity score matching. a Annual household income, equivalized by number of family members.