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. 2019 Feb 27;12(5):705. doi: 10.3390/ma12050705

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Villanueva Goldner staining of undecalcified sections in the no-transplantation (n = 3), HBSS (n = 3), 1 × 10⁴ hMSCs (n = 3), and 1 × 10⁵ hMSCs (n = 3) groups. ((A,C,E,G); n = 3) Slices prepared 2 weeks after creation of the mandibular defect. ((B,D,F,H); n = 3) Slices prepared at 4 weeks. Newly formed bone was observed on and in the material shown in panels (E–H). RM, residual material; UM, upper mandible; LM, lower mandible; NB, newly formed bone; CN, connective tissue. The blue arrows in panels (F₃,G₃) indicate cuboidal osteoblast-like cells that lay in rows adjacent to newly formed bone. The green arrows in panels (E₃,F₃,G₃,H₃) indicate chondrocytes that synthesize the cartilaginous extracellular matrix. (A₁,B₁,C₁,D₁,E₁,F₁,G₁,H₁): ×1.25 magnification. (A₂,B₂,C₂,D₂,E₂,F₂,G₂,H₂): ×20 magnification. (E₃,F₃,G₃,H₃): ×40 magnification. Scale bars: 1000 μm (black), 100 μm (blue), 50 μm (red).

Villanueva Goldner staining of undecalcified sections in the no-transplantation (n = 3), HBSS (n = 3), 1 × 10⁴ hMSCs (n = 3), and 1 × 10⁵ hMSCs (n = 3) groups. ((A,C,E,G); n = 3) Slices prepared 2 weeks after creation of the mandibular defect. ((B,D,F,H); n = 3) Slices prepared at 4 weeks. Newly formed bone was observed on and in the material shown in panels (E–H). RM, residual material; UM, upper mandible; LM, lower mandible; NB, newly formed bone; CN, connective tissue. The blue arrows in panels (F₃,G₃) indicate cuboidal osteoblast-like cells that lay in rows adjacent to newly formed bone. The green arrows in panels (E₃,F₃,G₃,H₃) indicate chondrocytes that synthesize the cartilaginous extracellular matrix. (A₁,B₁,C₁,D₁,E₁,F₁,G₁,H₁): ×1.25 magnification. (A₂,B₂,C₂,D₂,E₂,F₂,G₂,H₂): ×20 magnification. (E₃,F₃,G₃,H₃): ×40 magnification. Scale bars: 1000 μm (black), 100 μm (blue), 50 μm (red).