Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the study participants
| Baseline characteristics | LIFEstyle Study | RADIEL study | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Intervention (n = 50) | Control (n = 61) | P-valuea | Intervention (n = 22) | Control (n = 17) | P-valuea |
| Age, years—mean (SD) | 30.4 (4.0) | 30.4 (4.2) | 0.94 | 34.2 (3.3) | 31.6 (5.3) | 0.09 |
| Ethnicity—no. Caucasian (%) | 48 (96) | 57 (93.4) | 0.69 | 22 (100) | 17 (100) | n.a. |
| Education—no. (%) | 0.95 | 0.41 | ||||
| Basic education | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Vocational education | 11 (23.4) | 12 (20.3) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Secondary education | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (23.5) | ||
| Vocational & Secondary education | 24 (51.1) | 28 (47.5) | 9 (42.9) | 7 (41.2) | ||
| Higher education | 11 (23.4) | 17 (28.8) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (23.5) | ||
| Alcohol use—no. (%) | 19 (44.2) | 19 (32.8) | 0.24 | 11 (52.4) | 12 (70.6) | 0.25 |
| Current smoker—no. (%) | 14 (28.6) | 11 (18.0) | 0.19 | 1 (4.5) | 1 (5.9) | 1.00 |
| Nulliparous—no. (%) | 41 (82.0) | 45 (73.8) | 0.30 | 2 (9.1) | 5 (29.4) | 0.21 |
| Weight, kg—mean (SD) | 103.6 (13.0) | 102.8 (11.4) | 0.75 | 97.5 (15.0) | 94.7 (16.4) | 0.59 |
| BMI, kg/m2—mean (SD) | 35.5 (2.9) | 35.8 (3.2) | 0.64 | 35.2 (4.0) | 34.0 (5.2) | 0.44 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg—mean (SD) | 123.1 (11.8) | 127.2 (12.5) | 0.08 | 127.3 (9.6) | 120.3 (9.6) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg—mean (SD) | 79.0 (8.3) | 81.6 (7.2) | 0.08 | 85.1 (8.5) | 80.8 (8.0) | 0.12 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 5.1 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.9) | 0.02 | 5.6 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.4) | 0.82 |
| HOMA-IR—median (IQR) | 2.9 (1.8–3.9) | 3.1 (2.4–4.2) | 0.26 | 2.3 (1.8–3.5) | 2.3 (1.5–4.4) | 0.78 |
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.7 (0.8) | 0.56 | 4.8 (0.6) | 4.7 (1.0) | 0.57 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.7) | 0.54 | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.7) | 0.28 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.08 | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.5) | 0.59 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L—median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.06 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.32 |
| HS-CRP, mg/l—median (IQR) | 3.6 (2.5–6.9) | 3.1 (1.4–7.6) | 0.25 | 2.7 (1.5–6.5) | 1.2 (0.9–2.0) | < 0.01 |
| Follow-up characteristics | ||||||
| Age at follow-up, years—mean (SD) | 36.3 (4.4) | 36.5 (4.3) | 0.83 | 40.6 (3.3) | 38.0 (5.3) | 0.08 |
| Follow-up duration, months—median (IQR) | 73.5 (61.3–80.4) | 72.9 (65.4–80.4) | 0.65 | 74.8 (71.0–82.2) | 72.2 (69.8–82.2) | 0.75 |
| Pregnancy after randomization, no. (%)b | 35 (70) | 47 (77) | 0.40 | 22 (100) | 17 (100) | n.a. |
a
P-values of continuous outcomes based on student t-test or Mann–Whitney-U test. P-values of dichotomous and categorical outcomes are based on the Pearson Chi-Square test, the Fisher’s exact test or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.
b
Number of women that had a pregnancy of ≥24 weeks of gestation.