Table 3.
Association between the study factors and ANC visits one to three in Ethiopia, 2000–2016.
| Characteristics | 2000 EDHS | 2005 EDHS | 2011 EDHS | 2016 EDHS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Community level factors | |||||||||
| Residence type | Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 0.39 (0.24–0.61) | p < 0.001 | 0.65 (0.39–1.10) | p = 1.100 | 0.38 (0.26–0.56) | p < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.25–0.72) | p < 0.001 | |
| Socio-demographic factors | |||||||||
| Maternal employment status | Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Working | 1.00 (0.80–1.20) | p = 0.700 | 1.10 (0.80–1.40) | p = 0.500 | 1.00 (0.90–1.30) | p = 0.300 | 1.30 (1.10–1.60) | p = 0.020 | |
| Mother’s education | Secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 0.80 (0.40–1.40) | p = 0.430 | 0.60 (0.38–1.16) | p = 0.150 | 0.83 (0.18–0.03) | p = 0.020 | 0.41 (0.21–0.82) | p = 0.010 | |
| No education | 0.40 (0.20–0.80) | p = 0.010 | 0.40 (0.24–0.73) | p = 0.002 | 0.28 (0.13–0.61) | p = 0.010 | 0.28 (0.14–0.57) | p = 0.010 | |
| Household wealth index | Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 1.58 (1.27–1.96) | p = 0.010 | 1.60 (1.25–2.04) | p = 0.010 | 1.40 (1.13–1.73) | p = 0.010 | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | p = 0.010 | |
| Rich | 3.21(2.34–4.40) | p = 0.010 | 2.23 (1.53–3.26) | p = 0.010 | 2.24 (2.24–4.54) | p = 0.010 | 2.30 (1.54–3.42) | p = 0.001 | |
| Partner occupation | Non-agricultural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 0.62 (0.48–0.81) | p < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.65–1.21) | p = 0.580 | 0.62 (0.46–0.83) | p < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.59–1.02) | p = 0.700 | |
| Not working | 0.38 (0.14–1.08) | p = 0.070 | 0.77 (0.20–2.96) | p = 0.170 | 0.30 (0.13–0.69) | p = 0.010 | 0.62 (0.44–0.87) | p = 0.010 | |
| Partner education | Secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | p = 0.089 | 0.58 (0.43–0.79) | p = 0.001 | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | p = 0.003 | 0.61 (0.41–0.91) | p = 0.016 | |
| No education | 0.50 (0.35–0.70) | 0.000 | 0.33 (0.24–0.46) | p < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.23–0.49) | p < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.29–0.61) | p < 0.001 | |
| Marital status | Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Formerly married | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | p = 0.88 | 1.05 (0.75–1.48) | p = 0.77 | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | p = 0.32 | 0.1 (0.05–0.19) | p < 0.001 | |
| Need factors | |||||||||
| History of contraceptive use | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 0.45 (0.32–0.62) | p < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | p < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.50–0.77) | p < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.57–0.90) | p < 0.001 | |
| Wanted pregnancy at the time | Wanted then | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Wanted later | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | p = 0.230 | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) | p = 0.060 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | p = 0.860 | 0.93 (0.70–1.22) | p = 0.580 | |
| Unwanted | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | p = 0.340 | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | p = 0.830 | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | p = 0.550 | 0.56 (0.37–0.86) | p = 0.010 | |
| Enabling factors | |||||||||
| Seek permission to visit health services ** | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) | p < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) | p = 0.853 | 0.74 (0.57–0.97) | p = 0.029 | |||
| Getting money to pay health services ** | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) | p = 0.021 | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | p = 0.378 | 0.72 (0.56–0.91) | p = 0.008 | |||
| Distance to health facility ** | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) | p < 0.001 | 0.81(0.66–1.01) | p = 0.066 | 0.62 (0.49–0.79) | p < 0.001 | |||
| Accompany to health facility ** | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) | p = 0.007 | 1.17 (0.97–1.41) | p = 0.081 | 0.80 (0.65–1.00) | p = 0.052 | |||
| Health knowledge factors | |||||||||
| Frequency of listening to Radio | At least once a week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 0.65 (0.39–1.10) | p = 0.110 | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | p = 0.130 | 1.27 (1.00–1.63) | p = 0.050 | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) | p = 0.530 | |
| Never | 0.39 (0.23–0.68) | p < 0.001 | 0.51 (0.31–0.83) | p = 0.010 | 0.72 (0.55–0.95) | p = 0.020 | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | p < 0.001 | |
* Adjusted for community level, socio-demographic, media exposure, enabling and need factors. ** Variables not reported in the 2000 Ethiopia demographic and health survey (EDHS).