Table 4.
Association between the study factors and four or more ANC visits in Ethiopia, 2000–2016.
| Characteristics | 2000 EDHS | 2005 EDHS | 2011 EDHS | 2016 EDHS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * AOR (95%CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Sociodemographic level factors | |||||||||
| Mother’s education | Secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 0.73 (0.40–1.33) | p = 0.300 | 0.31 (0.17–0.54) | p < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.12–0.45) | p < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.17–0.62) | p < 0.001 | |
| No education | 0.34 (0.18–0.64) | p < 0.001 | 0.21 (0.12–0.38) | p < 0.001 | 0.13 (0.06–0.26) | p < 0.001 | 0.17 (0.09–0.34) | p < 0.001 | |
| House hold wealth status | Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 1.38 (1.02–1.89) | p =0.040 | 1.41 (1.0–1.94) | p =0.030 | 2.01 (1.51–2.69) | p < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | p =0.010 | |
| Rich | 6.12 (3.80–9.85) | p < 0.001 | 5.54 (3.75–8.20) | p < 0.001 | 6.04 (4.02–9.08) | p < 0.001 | 2.30 (1.54–3.42) | p < 0.001 | |
| Mother’s employment | Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Working | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | p = 0.500 | 1.54 (1.14–2.09) | p = 0.010 | 1.45 (1.16–1.80) | p < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.01–1.68) | p = 0.040 | |
| Partner occupation | Non-agricultural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 0.32 (0.21–0.47) | p < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.23–0.44) | p < 0.001 | 0.40 (0.30–0.52) | p < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.51–0.98) | p = 0.040 | |
| Not working | 0.73 (0.23–2.30) | p = 0.590 | 1.52 (0.56–4.11) | p = 0.410 | 0.92 (0.27–3.12) | p = 0.890 | 0.48 (0.32–0.71) | p < 0.001 | |
| Partner education | Secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 0.29(0.21–0.41) | p < 0.001 | 0.29(0.21–0.41) | p < 0.001 | 0.38(0.26–0.56) | p < 0.001 | 0.45(0.32–0.65) | p < 0.001 | |
| No education | 0.18(0.12–0.27) | p < 0.001 | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) | p < 0.001 | 0.19(0.13–0.28) | p < 0.001 | 0.26(0.18–0.36) | p < 0.001 | |
| Marital status | Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Formerly married | 1.21(0.80–1.83) | p = 0.35 | 1.33(0.91–1.93) | p = 0.14 | 0.79(0.54–1.15) | p = 0.22 | 0.1(0.05–0.19) | p < 0.001 | |
| Need factors | |||||||||
| Contraceptive use | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 0.15 (0.11–0.21) | p < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.30–0.56) | p < 0.001 | 0.35 (0.28–0.43) | p < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.42–0.70) | p < 0.001 | |
| Wanted pregnancy at the time | Wanted then | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Wanted later | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) | p = 0.520 | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | p = 0.400 | 0.91 (0.69–1.19 | p = 0.490 | 0.77 (0.59–1.02) | p = 0.070 | |
| Unwanted | 1.12 (0.82–1.54) | p = 0.470 | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | p = 0.810 | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | p = 0.710 | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) | p = 0.010 | |
| Enabling factors | |||||||||
| ** Seek permission to visit health services | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.62 (0.48–0.80) | p < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.46–0.84) | p = 0.002 | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | p = 0.031 | |||
| ** Getting money to pay health services | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | p < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.58–0.93) | p = 0.010 | 0.65 (0.52–0.83) | p = 0.010 | |||
| ** Distance to health facility | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.45 (0.35–0.59) | p < 0.001 | 0.49 (0.38–0.62) | p < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) | p < 0.001 | |||
| ** Accompany to health facility | Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| A big problem | 0.60 (0.47–0.77) | p < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | p = 0.272 | 0.62 (0.47– 0.81) | p = 0.001 | |||
| Community level factors | |||||||||
| Residence type | Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 0.18 (0.09–0.33) | p < 0.001 | 0.19 (0.12–0.30) | p < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.20–0.45) | p < 0.001 | 0.29 (0.15–0.55) | p < 0.001 | |
| Health knowledge factors | |||||||||
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | At least once a week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 0.03 (0.02–1.25) | p = 0.080 | 0.80 (0.23–2.86) | p = 0.740 | 0.75 (0.24–2.33) | p = 0.620 | 0.89 (0.23–3.44) | p = 0.860 | |
| Never | 0.15 (0.00–0.20) | p < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.07–0.79) | p = 0.020 | 0.20 (0.07–0.57) | p < 0.001 | 0.31 (0.10–0.99) | p = 0.050 | |
| Frequency of listening to radio | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 0.55 (0.27–1.13) | p = 0.100 | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | p = 0.130 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | p = 0.340 | 1.05 (0.69–1.61) | p = 0.810 | |
| More than once a week | 0.28 (0.14–0.59) | p < 0.001 | 0.51 (0.31–0.83), | p = 0.010 | 0.52 (0.39–0.69), | p < 0.001 | 0.51 (0.36–0.72) | p < 0.001 | |
| Frequency of watching television | At least once a week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 0.69 (0.18–2.72) | p = 0.600 | 0.21 (0.05–0.85) | p = 0.030 | 0.55 (0.39–0.78) | p < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.33–0.97) | p = 0.040 | |
| Never | 0.25 (0.06–0.94) | p = 0.040 | 0.07 (0.02–0.26) | p < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.18–0.40) | p < 0.001 | 0.35 (0.21–0.58) | p < 0.001 | |
* Adjusted for community level, socio-demographic, media exposure, enabling and need factors. ** Variables not reported in the 2000 EDHS.