Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis.
| Author (Year) | Type of Study, Quality | Sample Country) |
Mean Age (% fem) |
BMI Mean (SD) | Smoking Status (%) | Alcohol Intake | Married (%) | Caucasians and Hispanics (%) | Education (High–School %) | Years of Service (Work Hours per Day) | Hierarchical Role (%) | Administrative Role (%) | Military/Previous Military Experience | Evening and Night–Shift (%) | Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality | PSQI Global Score (Number of Hours of Sleep) | Main Factor Related |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bernardo et al., (2018) [33] | Cross sec * | 438 (Brazil) | 33.2 ± 7.6 [20–53] (10.5%) | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data (no data) | 4.6% | 26.3% | Military police | 73.7% | 79.2% | No data (no data) | Physical activity (low, 20.5%) |
| Bond et al., (2013) [34] | Cross sec ** | 372 (USA) | 41.3 ± 6.7 (27.7%) | 29.1 ± 4.7 | 39.7% | 5.6 ± 9.4 | 72.9% | 79.3% | 10.5% | 14.6 ± 7.0 (high 63.8%) | 16.6% | No data | 22.3% | 59.3% | 54.8% | 6.5 (6.1 ± 1.2) | Traumatic event exposure |
| Chang et al., (2015) [35] | Cross sec ** | 796 (China) | 37.4 ± 7.7 [20–60] (0%) | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 43.1% | 1.8% | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 52.5% | 52.3% | 6.1 ± 3.1 (6.1 ± 1.1) | Met S, shift work |
| Charles et al., (2011) [36] | Cross sec ** | 430 (USA) | 42.1 ± 8.4 (25.8%) | 29.2 ± 4.8 | 41.4% | 5.6 ± 9.5 | No data | 80% | 11% | No data (high 36.0%) | 15.7% | No data | 25.4% | 57.6% | 51.9% | No data (6.1 ± 1.2) | Perceived stress |
| Chopko et al. (2018) [37] | Cross sec * | 193 (USA) | 41.6 ± 9.2 [23–63] (6.7%) | No data | No data | No data | 82.4% | 93.3% | 14.7 ± 1.9 years [12–22] | 16.4 ± 8.9 [1–42] | 15% | No data | No data | No data | No data | 4.8 ± 3.1 (no data) | PTSD, general health |
| Elliot et al., (2016) [38] | Cross sec * | 206 (Australia) | 31.6 ± 8.5 (32%) | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 6.4 ± 7.5 | 17.5% | No data | No data | 44.7% | 69% | 6.8 ± 3.6(no data) | Blood pres., fatigue, card. diseases |
| Everding et al., (2016) [39] | Cross sec * | 379 (USA) | 41.5 ± 8.6 (6%) | 28.8 ± 3.9 | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 38% | 5.4 ± 3.1 (no data) | Card. disease and mental health, inflammatory markers |
| Fekedulegn et al., (2016) [40] | Cross sec ** | 363 (USA) | 41.2 ± 6.6 [27–66] (28%) | 29.2 ± 4.7 (BMI>25 81%) | 39.3% | 5.5 ± 9.4 | 72.2% | 76.5% | 10.5% | 14.4 ± 6.8 (high 64%) | 28.1% | No data | No data | 50.4% | 54% | No data (no data) | Shift work |
| Hartley et al., (2014) [41] | Cross sec ** | 356 (USA) | 41.3 ± 6.7 (28%) | 29.2 ± 4.7 | 40.4% | 5.6 ± 9.4 | 73.9% | 79.5% | 10.7% | 49% ≥15 years (no data) | 28.1% | No data | 21.4% | 59.9% | 54.2% | 6.5 ± 3.4 (6.1 ± 1.2) | Stress |
| McCanlies et al., (2012) [42] | Cross sec ** | 98 (USA) | 39.6 (39.8%) | No data | 53.1% | No data | 65.3% | 81.6% | 18.4% | No data | 34.7% | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data (6.4) | Met S |
| Neylan et al., (2002) [43] | Cross sec ** | 733 (USA) | 37.0 (29%) | No data | No data | No data | 68.8& | 69% | 28% | 12.6 (no data) | No data | No data | No data | No data | 64% | 6.1 ± 3.2 * | Critical incidents |
| Neylan et al., (2010) [44] | Cross sec * | 189 (USA) | 26.4 ± 4.2 [21–43] (12%) | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 0% | No data | 3.5 ± 2.1 (6.25 ± 1.70) | Psychomotor performance |
| Pinto et al., (2018) [45] | Cross sec * | 22 (Brazil) | 34.6 ± 6.1 (0%) | 25.2 [23–31] | No data | No data | No data | No data | 22.7% | 9 [6–25] (No data) | 27.2% | No data | Military | No data | 63.6% | 5.5 ± 3.0 *(6.5 ± 0.8) | QoL, work accidents |
| Ramey et al., (2012) [46] | Cross sec * | 85 (USA) | 39.6 ± 9.0 [22.4–63.3] (0%) | 80%> 25 | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data (45.9 ± 7.5 [8–70]) | No data | No data | No data | 41/85 (48.2%) | 23% | 5.9 ± 2.9 [2–13] (6.8 ± 1.3 [3.5–9.5]) | Shift work |
| Roustaei et al., (2017) [47] | Cross sec * | 60 (Iran) | No data (100%) | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 50% | No data | No data | 48.3% | 6.1 (no data) | QoL |
| Slaven et al., (2011) [48] | Cross sec ** | 391 (USA) | 40.7 ± 7.1 (27.4%) | No data | 40% | 5.4 ± 9.2 | 73% | 80% | 10% | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 66.2% | 6.5 ± 3.4 (no data) | Depression |
| Yadav et al., (2016) [49] | Cross sec * | 85 (India) | 26.6 ± 0.6 (60%) | 22.9 ± 0.2 | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 31.8% | No data (no data) | Chronotype and duty schedule |
| Yoo et al., (2013) [50] | Cross sec * | 106 (USA) | 42.3 ± 8.4 (0%) | 29.7 ± 4.1 | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | 36.8% | 5.4 ± 3.4 (no data) | Met S, mental health |
Notes: *: low study quality; **: medium study quality. Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index); Met S: metabolic syndrome; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; QoL: quality of life; SD (standard deviation).