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Nanostructured and sheath probes: (A) probe having a nano-groove for reduced immune reaction (Reproduced from [186] with permission by John Wiley & Sons, 2017); (B) probe having a micro-groove to deliver bioactive molecules (reprinted from [183] with permission from IEEE, © 2006); (C) probe having a truncated cone sheath with perforations and a matrigel coating (reproduced from [192] with permission by John Wiley & Sons, 2015).
