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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 21.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 19;176(2):119–128. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17040415

TABLE 3.

Model 2, Individuals With Specific Substance Dependences Compared With Nondependent Control Subjects: Left and Right Hemisphere Regions of Interest That Exhibited Lower Subcortical Volume or Cortical Thickness in a Mega-Analysis of Gray Matter Volume in Substance Dependencea

Region and Comparison Left
 Right
p
 Cohen’s d
 p
 Cohen’s d
1st Half of
Data		 2nd Half of
Data		 Both Halves
of Data		 1st Half of
Data		 2nd Half of
Data		 Both Halves
of Data
Subcortical volume
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls
 Amygdala <0.0001 0.0021 −0.107 <0.0001 0.0003 −0.111
 Globus pallidus 0.0274 0.0005 −0.075
 Hippocampus <0.0001 <0.0001 −0.196 <0.0001 <0.0001 −0.180
 Nucleus accumbens 0.0159 0.0013 −0.048 <0.0001 <0.0001 −0.088
 Putamen 0.0006 <0.0001 −0.098 0.0001 0.0014 −0.080
 Thalamus 0.0149 0.0002 −0.098
Cortical thickness
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls
 Caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.0006 0.0219 −0.062 0.0264 0.0298 −0.054
 Fusiform gyrus 0.0017 0.0002 −0.072 <0.0001 <0.0001 −0.094
 Inferior temporal gyrus 0.0021 0.0146 −0.056 0.0148 0.0214 −0.047
 Insula 0.0023 <0.0001 −0.087
 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 0.0009 0.0005 −0.078
 Lateral occipital cortex 0.0013 0.0211 −0.042
 Lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.0322 0.0021 −0.061
 Medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.0432 0.0197 −0.060
 Parahippocampal gyrus 0.0281 0.0265 −0.076
 Paracentral lobule 0.0002 0.0001 −0.074 0.0053 0.0003 −0.062
 Posterior cingulate gyrus <0.0001 <0.0001 −0.091 0.0004 <0.0001 −0.085
 Precentral gyrus 0.0091 0.0007 −0.063 0.0008 0.0003 −0.079
 Precuneus 0.0008 0.0003 −0.062 0.0039 0.0002 −0.061
 Rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.0381 0.0090 −0.082
 Superior frontal gyrus <0.0001 0.0030 −0.071 0.0003 0.0060 −0.071
 Superior parietal cortex 0.0198 0.0272 −0.040
 Superior temporal gyrus 0.0239 0.0353 −0.062
 Supramarginal gyrus 0.0493 0.0168 −0.044
 Temporal pole 0.0518 0.0464 −0.063
Cocaine-dependent versus nondependent controls
 Supramarginal gyrus 0.0177 0.0491 −0.047
Nicotine-, cocaine-, methamphetamine-, and cannabis-dependent versus nondependent controls
 Inferior parietal cortex 0.0011 0.4630 −0.029
 Insula 0.0057 0.0300 −0.041 0.0303 0.0274 −0.033
a

In model 2, individuals were sorted by dependence on one and only one substance, and individuals dependent on more than one substance were excluded from the model. Comparisons of estimated marginal means for dependence on alcohol and cocaine relative to nondependent control subjects are presented for model 2. The additional contrast in model 2 included individuals dependent on nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, or cannabis (but not alcohol). Only significant associations are shown. There were no significant associations with nicotine, methamphetamine, or cannabis dependence on their own.