TABLE 3.
Region and Comparison | Left |
Right |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p |
Cohen’s d |
p |
Cohen’s d |
|||
1st Half of Data |
2nd Half of Data |
Both Halves of Data |
1st Half of Data |
2nd Half of Data |
Both Halves of Data |
|
Subcortical volume | ||||||
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Amygdala | <0.0001 | 0.0021 | −0.107 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | −0.111 |
Globus pallidus | 0.0274 | 0.0005 | −0.075 | |||
Hippocampus | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | −0.196 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | −0.180 |
Nucleus accumbens | 0.0159 | 0.0013 | −0.048 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | −0.088 |
Putamen | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | −0.098 | 0.0001 | 0.0014 | −0.080 |
Thalamus | 0.0149 | 0.0002 | −0.098 | |||
Cortical thickness | ||||||
Alcohol-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Caudal middle frontal gyrus | 0.0006 | 0.0219 | −0.062 | 0.0264 | 0.0298 | −0.054 |
Fusiform gyrus | 0.0017 | 0.0002 | −0.072 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | −0.094 |
Inferior temporal gyrus | 0.0021 | 0.0146 | −0.056 | 0.0148 | 0.0214 | −0.047 |
Insula | 0.0023 | <0.0001 | −0.087 | |||
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | 0.0009 | 0.0005 | −0.078 | |||
Lateral occipital cortex | 0.0013 | 0.0211 | −0.042 | |||
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex | 0.0322 | 0.0021 | −0.061 | |||
Medial orbitofrontal cortex | 0.0432 | 0.0197 | −0.060 | |||
Parahippocampal gyrus | 0.0281 | 0.0265 | −0.076 | |||
Paracentral lobule | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | −0.074 | 0.0053 | 0.0003 | −0.062 |
Posterior cingulate gyrus | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | −0.091 | 0.0004 | <0.0001 | −0.085 |
Precentral gyrus | 0.0091 | 0.0007 | −0.063 | 0.0008 | 0.0003 | −0.079 |
Precuneus | 0.0008 | 0.0003 | −0.062 | 0.0039 | 0.0002 | −0.061 |
Rostral anterior cingulate cortex | 0.0381 | 0.0090 | −0.082 | |||
Superior frontal gyrus | <0.0001 | 0.0030 | −0.071 | 0.0003 | 0.0060 | −0.071 |
Superior parietal cortex | 0.0198 | 0.0272 | −0.040 | |||
Superior temporal gyrus | 0.0239 | 0.0353 | −0.062 | |||
Supramarginal gyrus | 0.0493 | 0.0168 | −0.044 | |||
Temporal pole | 0.0518 | 0.0464 | −0.063 | |||
Cocaine-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Supramarginal gyrus | 0.0177 | 0.0491 | −0.047 | |||
Nicotine-, cocaine-, methamphetamine-, and cannabis-dependent versus nondependent controls | ||||||
Inferior parietal cortex | 0.0011 | 0.4630 | −0.029 | |||
Insula | 0.0057 | 0.0300 | −0.041 | 0.0303 | 0.0274 | −0.033 |
In model 2, individuals were sorted by dependence on one and only one substance, and individuals dependent on more than one substance were excluded from the model. Comparisons of estimated marginal means for dependence on alcohol and cocaine relative to nondependent control subjects are presented for model 2. The additional contrast in model 2 included individuals dependent on nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, or cannabis (but not alcohol). Only significant associations are shown. There were no significant associations with nicotine, methamphetamine, or cannabis dependence on their own.